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Agrarian Languages

Copyright © 2004-2021 C.E. by Dustin Jon Scott


Main branching patterns

Terran branch
+Back-Vowel Voicing
Agrarian-Montane subbranch
+Glottal Deconsonantalization
Sylvan-Agrarian subbranch
(Open syllables)
+Further Lenition
Sylvanic subbranch
+Consonantal Vowel Deletion
Agrarian subbranch
+Synalœpha
Montane-Nomadic subbranch
(Closed syllables)
+Further Lenition
Nomadic subbranch
+Synalœpha
Montane subbranch
+Consonantal Vowel Deletion
Chthonic subbranch
(Closed syllables)
+Glottal Assimilation
Colline subbranch
+Further Lenition
+Consonantal Vowel Deletion
Infernal subbranch
+Further Lenition
+Synalœpha



Evolution of the Sylvanic Languages
Language Family SuffixingPrefixing
PreformativeAfformative PreformativeAfformative
OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed
Proto-Palæoboreanic Taqa-toqi-tataqoAtaq-otiq-atatoq Qata-qito-qotataAqat-iqot-oqatat Tataqo-toqi-taqaAtatoq-otiq-ataq Qotata-qito-qataOqatat-iqot-aqat
Proto-Terran Daqa-doqi-dadaqoAdaq-odiq-adadoq Qada-qido-qodadaAqad-iqod-oqadad Dadaqo-doqi-daqaAdadoq-odiq-adaq Qodada-qido-qadaOqadad-iqod-aqad
Proto-Agrarian-Montane Daá-doí-dadaóAdá-odí-adadó Áda-ído-ódadaÁad-íod-óadad Dadaó-doí-daáAdadó-odí-adá Ódada-ído-ádaÓadad-íod-áad
Proto-Sylvan-Agrarian Naá-roí-raraóN/A Ána-íro-óraraN/A Raraó-roí-naáN/A Órara-íro-ánaN/A
Proto-Sylvanic Na-ri-nhoN/A An-ir-onhN/A Nho-ri-naN/A Onh-ir-anN/A
Sylvanic 1 Na-ri-loN/A An-ir-olN/A Lo-ri-naN/A Ol-ir-anN/A
Sylvanic 2 NariloN/A AnirolN/A LorinaN/A OliranN/A

  • Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Na-ri-nho) — OVS: Proto-Drayadic, Proto-Sylvan, Proto-Faerish
  • Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Na-ri-nho) — SVO: Proto-Aldelfish, Proto-Woodelfish
  • Formerly-open, Afformative, Suffixing (An-ir-onh) — OVS: Proto-Maenadic
  • Formerly-open, Afformative, Suffixing (An-ir-onh) — SVO: Proto-Darkelfish
  • Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Nho-ri-na) — OVS: Proto-Nightelfish? Proto-Huldric? Proto-Hesperidic?
  • Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Nho-ri-na) — SVO: Proto-Moonelfish? Proto-Huldric?
  • Formerly-open, Afformative, Prefixing (Onh-ir-an) — OVS: Proto-Arachnyadic
  • Formerly-open, Afformative, Prefixing (Onh-ir-an) — SVO: Proto-Swartelfish




Evolution of the Agrarian Languages
Language Family SuffixingPrefixing
PreformativeAfformative PreformativeAfformative
OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed
Proto-Palæoboreanic Taqa-toqi-tataqoAtaq-otiq-atatoq Qata-qito-qotataAqat-iqot-oqatat Tataqo-toqi-taqaAtatoq-otiq-ataq Qotata-qito-qataOqatat-iqot-aqat
Proto-Terran Daqa-doqi-dadaqoAdaq-odiq-adadoq Qada-qido-qodadaAqad-iqod-oqadad Dadaqo-doqi-daqaAdadoq-odiq-adaq Qodada-qido-qadaOqadad-iqod-aqad
Proto-Agrarian-Montane Daá-doí-dadaóAdá-odí-adadó Áda-ído-ódadaÁad-íod-óadad Dadaó-doí-daáAdadó-odí-adá Ódada-ído-ádaÓadad-íod-áad
Proto-Sylvan-Agrarian Naá-roí-raraóN/A Ána-íro-óraraN/A Raraó-roí-naáN/A Órara-íro-ánaN/A
Proto-Agrarian Naa-roi-nhao?N/A Ana-iro-onha?N/A Nhao-roi-naa?N/A Onha-iro-ana?N/A
Agrarian 1 Naa-roi-lao?N/A Ana-iro-ola?N/A Lao-roi-naa?N/A Ola-iro-ana?N/A
Agrarian 2 Naaroilao?N/A Anairoola?N/A Laoroinaa?N/A Olairoana?N/A

  • Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Naa-roi-nhao) — OVS: Proto-Leimakidic, Proto-Leimoniadic, Proto-Epimelidic?
  • Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Naa-roi-nhao) — SVO: Proto-Meadowelfish
  • Open, Afformative, Suffixing (Ana-iro-onha) — OVS:
  • Open, Afformative, Suffixing (Ana-iro-onha) — SVO:
  • Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Nhao-roi-naa) — OVS:
  • Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Nhao-roi-naa) — SVO: Proto-Centaurian?
  • Open, Afformative, Prefixing (Onha-iro-ana) — OVS:
  • Open, Afformative, Prefixing (Onha-iro-ana) — SVO: Agrarian Proto-Dwarfish / Proto-Fielddwarfish?




Grouped List

This is a list of the early Palaeoboreanic dialects.


  • [Phase 1] Taqa-toqi-tataqo — OPS Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Ataq-otiq-atatoq — CPS Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Qata-qito-qotata — OAS Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Aqat-iqot-oqatat — CAS Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Tataqo-toqi-taqa — OPP Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Atatoq-otiq-ataq — CPP Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Qotata-qito-qata — OAP Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Oqatat-iqot-aqat — CAP Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Daqa-doqi-dadaqo — OPS Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Adaq-odiq-adadoq — CPS Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Qada-qido-qodada — OAS Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Aqad-iqod-oqadad — CAS Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Dadaqo-doqi-daqa — OPP Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Adadoq-odiq-adaq — CPP Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Qodada-qido-qada — OAP Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Oqadad-iqod-aqad — CAP Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 3A1] Daa-doi-dadao — OPS Proto-Agrarian-Montane dialects: Proto-Drayadic; Proto-Sylvan; Proto-Faerish; Proto-Aldelfish; Proto-Woodelfish; Proto-Leimakidic; Proto-Leimoniadic; Proto-Epimelidic? Proto-Meadowelfish; Proto-Trooping-Faerish? Proto-Oreyadic? Proto-Cryonadic?
  • [Phase 3A1] Ada-odi-adado — CPS Proto-Agrarian-Montane
  • [Phase 3A1] Ada-ido-odada — OAS Proto-Agrarian-Montane
  • [Phase 3A1] Aad-iod-oadad — CAS Proto-Agrarian-Montane
  • [Phase 3A1] Dadao-doi-daa — OPP Proto-Agrarian-Montane
  • [Phase 3A1] Adado-odi-ada — CPP Proto-Agrarian-Montane
  • [Phase 3A1] Odada-ido-ada — OAP Proto-Agrarian-Montane
  • [Phase 3A1] Oadad-iod-aad — CAP Proto-Agrarian-Montane
  • [Phase 4A1a] Naa-roi-rarao — OPS Proto-Sylvan-Agrarain dialects: Proto-Drayadic; Proto-Sylvan; Proto-Faerish; Proto-Aldelfish; Proto-Woodelfish; Proto-Leimakidic; Proto-Leimoniadic; Proto-Epimelidic? Proto-Meadowelfish; Proto-Trooping-Faerish? Proto-Oreyadic? Proto-Cryonadic?
  • [Phase 4A1a] Ana-iro-orara — OAS Proto-Sylvan-Agrarain dialects: Proto-Maenadic; Proto-Darkelfish
  • [Phase 4A1a] Rarao-roi-naa — OPP Proto-Sylvan-Agrarain dialects: Proto-Nightelfish? Proto-Huldric? Proto-Moonelfish? Proto-Hesperidic? Proto-Centaurian?
  • [Phase 4A1a] Orara-iro-ana — OAP Proto-Sylvan-Agrarain dialects: Proto-Arachneyadic? Proto-Swartelfish; Proto-Fielddwarfish? Agrarian Proto-Dwarfish?
  • [Phase 5A1a2] Naa-roi-nhao — OPS Proto-Agrarian dialects: Proto-Leimakidic; Proto-Leimoniadic; Proto-Epimelidic? Proto-Meadowelfish
  • [Phase 5A1a2] Ana-iro-onha — OAS Proto-Agrarian
  • [Phase 5A1a2] Nhao-roi-naa — OPP Proto-Agrarian dialects: Proto-Centaurian?
  • [Phase 5A1a2] Onha-iro-ana — OAP Proto-Agrarian dialects: Agrarian Proto-Dwarfish / Proto-Fielddwarfish?
  • [Phase 6A1a2a] Naa-roi-lao? — OPS Agrarian languages [1]: Proto-Leimakidic; Proto-Leimoniadic; Proto-Epimelidic? Proto-Meadowelfish
  • [Phase 6A1a2a] Ana-iro-ola? — OAS Agrarian [1]
  • [Phase 6A1a2a] Lao-roi-naa? — OPP Agrarian languages [1]: Proto-Centaurian?
  • [Phase 6A1a2a] Ola-iro-ana? — OAP Agrarian languages [1]: Proto-Fielddwarfish? Agrarian Proto-Dwarfish?
  • [Phase 7A1a2a1] Naaroilao? — OPS Agrarian [2]: Meadowelfish; Leimakidic; Leimoniadic; Epimelidic
  • [Phase 7A1a2a1] Anairoola? — OAS Agrarian [2]
  • [Phase 7A1a2a1] Laoroinaa? — OPP Agrarian [2]: Centaurian?
  • [Phase 7A1a2a1] Olairoana? — OAP Agrarian [2]: Agrarian Dwarfish?




Back-Vowel Voicing
+ Glottal Deconsonantalization
+ Further Lenition
+ Synalœpha

Variant I: ?

This change was only possible for open suffixing dialects and closed prefixing dialects.


a.a > a: /C_
a.e > aɛ /C_
a.i > aɪ /C_
a.y > aʏ /C_
a.u > aʊ /C_
a.o > aɔ /C_

e.a > ɛa /C_
e.e > e: /C_
pe.i > ɛɪ /C_
e.y > ɛʏ /C_
e.u > ɛʊ /C_
e.o > ɛɔ /C_

i.a > ɪa /C_
i.e > ɪɛ /C_
i.i > i: /C_
i.y > ɪʏ /C_
i.u > ɪʊ /C_
i.o > ɪɔ /C_

y.a > ʏa /C_
y.e > ʏɛ /C_
y.i > ʏɪ /C_
y.y > y: /C_
y.u > ʏʊ /C_
y.o > ʏɔ /C_

u.a > ʊa /C_
u.e > ʊɛ /C_
u.i > ʊɪ /C_
u.y > ʊʏ /C_
u.u > u: /C_
u.o > ʊɔ /C_

o.a > ɔa /C_
o.e > ɔɛ /C_
o.i > ɔɪ /C_
o.y > ɔʏ /C_
o.u > ɔʊ /C_
o.o > o:

Sample: dɛɔ-mabɛʊ-naɔ-kirɔa naɪ-naɪ.o-dɛi naɛ-ɹɔa.o-nakiʎɔa.o-ŋa-ɪki:-mabɛʊ-ɾăɾaɔ

ɪa
Naa-roi-rarao
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: teo-papeu-tao-kitoa tai-taio-tei tae-toao-takikoao kai-kii-papeu-tatao

Transliteration 2: deo-babeu-dao-gidoa dai-daio-dei dae-doao-dagigoao gai-gii-babeu-dadao

Pronunciation: dɛɔ-mabɛʊ-naɔ-kirɔa naɪ-naɪ.o-dɛɪ naɛ-ɹɔa.o-nakiʎɔa.o ŋaɪ-ki:-mabɛʊ-ɾăɾaɔ

Transcription: deo-mabeu-nao-kiroa nai-naio-dei nae-roao-nakijoao-ŋai-kii-mabeu-rarao

Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Naa-roi-rarao
Open, preformative, suffixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: kai-kii-papeu-tatao tae-toao-takikoao tai-taio-tei teo-papeu-tao-kitoa

Transliteration 2: gai-gii-babeu-dadao dae-doao-dagigoao dai-daio-dei deo-babeu-dao-gidoa

Pronunciation: ŋaɪ-kɪ:-mabɛʊ-ɾaɾaɔ naɛ-rɔa.o-nakiʎɔa.o naɪ-naɪ.o-dɛɪ dɛɔ-mabɛʊ-naɔ-kirɔa

Transcription: ŋai-kii-mabeu-rarao nae-roao-nakijoao nai-naio-dei deo-mabeu-nao-kiroa

Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


Ana-iro-orara
Open, afformative, suffixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: ote-upepa-ota-atoki ita-oita-ite eta-oato-oakokita ika-iki-upepa-otata

Transliteration 2: ode-ubeba-oda-adogi ida-oida-ide eda-oado-oagogida iga-igi-ubeba-odada

Pronunciation: ode-ubema-ona-aroki ina-oina-ide ena-ɔaro-ɔaʎokina iŋa-iki-ubema-oɾaɾa

Transcription: ode-ubema-ona-aroki ina-oina-ide ena-oaro-oajokina iŋa-iki-ubema-orara

Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Ana-iro-orara
Open, afformative, suffixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: ika-iki-upepa-otata eta-oato-oakokita ita-oita-ite ote-upepa-ota-atoki

Transliteration 2: iga-igi-ubeba-odada eda-oado-oagogida ida-oida-ide ode-ubeba-oda-adogi

Pronunciation: iŋa-iki-ubema-oɾaɾa ena-ɔaro-ɔaʎokina ina-oina-ide ode-ubema-ona-aroki

Transcription: iŋa-iki-ubema-orara ena-oaro-oajokina ina-oina-ide ode-ubema-ona-aroki

Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


Rarao-roi-naa
Open, preformative, prefixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: kitoa-tao-papeu-teo tei-taio-tai takikoao-toao-tae tatao-pepeu-kii-kai

Transliteration 2: gidoa-dao-babeu-deo dei-daio-dai dagigoao-doao-dae dadao-bebeu-gii-gai

Pronunciation: kiɹɔa-naɔ-mabɛʊ-dɛɔ dɛɪ-naɪ.o-naɪ nakiʎɔa.o-rɔa.o-naɛ ɾaɾaɔ-mabɛʊ-kɪ:-ŋaɪ

Transcription: kiroa-nao-mabeu-deo dei-naio-nai nakijoao-roao-nae rarao-mabeu-kii-ŋai

Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Rarao-roi-naa
Open, preformative, prefixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: tatao-pepeu-kii-kai takikoao-toao-tae tei-taio-tai kitoa-tao-papeu-teo

Transliteration 2: dadao-bebeu-gii-gai dagigoao-doao-dae dei-daio-dai gidoa-dao-babeu-deo

Pronunciation: ɾaɾaɔ-mabɛʊ-kɪ:-ŋaɪ dakiʎɔa.o-rɔa.o-naɛ dɛɪ-naɪ.o-naɪ kirɔa-naɔ-mabɛʊ-dɛɔ

Transcription: rarao-mabeu-kii-ŋai nakijoao-roao-dae dei-daio-dai kidoa-dao-bapeu-teo

Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


Orara-iro-ana
Open, afformative, prefixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: atoki-ota-upepa-ote ite-oita-ita oakokita-oato-eta otata-upepa-iki-ika

Transliteration 2: adogi-oda-ubeba-ode ide-oida-ida oagogida-oado-eda odada-ubeba-igi-iga

Pronunciation: aroki-ona-ubema-ode ide-oina-ina ɔaʎokina-ɔaro-ena oɾaɾa-ubema-iki-iŋa

Transcription: aroki-ona-ubema-ode ide-oina-ina oajokina-oaro-ena orara-ubema-iki-iŋa

Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Orara-iro-ana

Open, afformative, prefixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: otata-upepa-iki-ika oakokita-oato-eta ite-oita-ita atoki-ota-upepa-ote

Transliteration 2: odada-ubeba-igi-iga oagogida-oado-eda ide-oida-ida adogi-oda-ubeba-ode

Pronunciation: oɾaɾa-ubema-iki-iŋa ɔaʎokina-ɔaro-ena ide-oina-ina aroki-ona-ubema-ode

Transcription: orara-ubema-iki-iŋa oajokina-oaro-na ide-oina-ina aroki-ona-ubema-ode

Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.



Variant II: ?

This change was only possible for open suffixing dialects and closed prefixing dialects.


a.a > a: /_C
a.e > aɛ /_C
a.i > aɪ /_C
a.y > aʏ /_C
a.u > aʊ /_C
a.o > aɔ /_C

e.a > ɛa /_C
e.e > e: /_C
pe.i > ɛɪ /_C
e.y > ɛʏ /_C
e.u > ɛʊ /_C
e.o > ɛɔ /_C

i.a > ɪa /_C
i.e > ɪɛ /_C
i.i > i: /_C
i.y > ɪʏ /_C
i.u > ɪʊ /_C
i.o > ɪɔ /_C

y.a > ʏa /_C
y.e > ʏɛ /_C
y.i > ʏɪ /_C
y.y > y: /_C
y.u > ʏʊ /_C
y.o > ʏɔ /_C

u.a > ʊa /_C
u.e > ʊɛ /_C
u.i > ʊɪ /_C
u.y > ʊʏ /_C
u.u > u: /_C
u.o > ʊɔ /_C

o.a > ɔa /_C
o.e > ɔɛ /_C
o.i > ɔɪ /_C
o.y > ɔʏ /_C
o.u > ɔʊ /_C
o.o > o:

Ana-ori-araro
Formerly-closed, preformative, suffixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: eto-apepu-ato-ikota ati-atio-eti ate-otao-atikokao ati-iki-apepu-atato

Transliteration 2: edo-abebu-ado-igoda adi-adio-edi ade-odao-adigogao agi-igi-abebu-adado

Pronunciation: edo-amebu-ano-ikoɹa ani-anio-edi ane-oɹaɔ-anikoʎaɔ-aŋi-iki-amebu-aɾaɾo

Transcription: edo-amebu-ano-ikora ani-anio-edi ane-orao-anikojao aŋi-iki-amebu-araro

Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Ana-ori-araro
Formerly-closed, preformative, suffixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: aki-iki-apepu-atato ate-otao-atikokao ati-atio-eti eto-apepu-ato-ikota

Transliteration 2: agi-igi-abebu-adado ade-odao-adigogao adi-adio-edi edo-abebu-ado-igoda

Pronunciation: aŋi-iki-amebu-aɾaɾo ane-oɹaɔ-anikoʎaɔ ani-anio-edi edo-amebu-ano-ikoɹa

Transcription: aŋi-iki-amebu-araro ane-oɹao-anikojao ani-anio-edi edo-amebu-ano-ikora

Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


Aan-ior-oarar
Closed, afformative, suffixing, OVS

Transliteration: oet-uepap-oat-aotik iat-oiat-iet eat-oaot-oaokikat iat-iik-uepap-oatat

Transliteration: oed-uebab-oad-aodig iad-oiad-ied ead-oaod-oaogigad iad-iig-uebab-oadad

Pronunciation: oed-ʊɛbam-ɔan-aɔɹik ɪad-o.ɪan-ɪɛd ɛan-o.aɔɹ-o.aɔʎikan ɪaŋ-ɪ:k-ʊɛbam-ɔaɾaɾ

Transcription: oed-uebam-oan-aorik ian-oian-ied ean-oaor-oaojikan iaŋ-iik-uebam-oarar

Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Aan-ior-oarar
Closed, afformative, suffixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: iak-iik-uepap-oatat eat-oaot-oaogikad iad-oiad-ied oet-ueab-oad-aodik

Transliteration 2: iag-iig-uebab-oadad ead-oaod-oaogigad iad-oiad-ied oed-uebab-oad-aodig

Pronunciation: ɪaŋ-ɪ:k-ʊɛbam-ɔaɾaɾ ɛan-oaɔɹ-o.aɔʎikan ɪan-o.ɪan-ɪɛd oed-u.ɛan-ɔan-aɔʎik

Transcription: iaŋ-iik-uebam-oarar ean-oaor-oaojikan ian-oian-ied oed-uebam-oan-aorik

Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


Araro-ori-ana
Closed, preformative, prefixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: ikota-ato-apepu-eto eti-atio-ati atikokao-otao-ate atato-etapu-iki-aki

Transliteration: igoda-ado-abebu-edo edi-adio-adi adigogao-odao-ade adado-ebabu-igi-agi

Pronunciation: ikoɹa-ano-amebu-edo edi-anio-ani anikoʎaɔ-oɹaɔ-ane aɾaɾo-amebu-iki-aŋi

Transcription: ikora-ano-amebu-edo edi-anio-ani anikojao-orao-ane araro-amebu-iki-aŋi

Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Araro-ori-ana
Closed, preformative, prefixing, SVO

Transliteration: atato-epepu-iki-aki atikokao-otao-ate eti-atio-ati ikota-ato-apepu-eto

Transliteration: adado-ebebu-igi-agi adigogao-odao-ade edi-adio-adi igoda-ado-abebu-edo

Pronunciation: aɾaɾo-amebu-iki-aŋi anikoʎaɔ-oɹaɔ-ane edi-anio-ani ikoʎa-ano-amebu-edo

Transcription: araro-amebu-iki-aŋi anikojao-orao-ane edi-anio-ani ikora-ano-amebu-edo

Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


Oarar-ior-aan
Closed, afformative, prefixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: aotik-oat-uepap-oet iet-oiat-iat oaokikat-oaot-eat oatat-uepap-iik-iak

Transliteration 2: aodig-oad-uebab-oed ied-oiad-iad oaogigad-oaod-ead oadad-uebab-iig-iag

Pronunciation: aɔʎik-ɔan-ʊɛbam-oed ɪɛd-o.ɪan-ɪan o.aɔʎikan-o.aɔɹ-ɛan o.ɾaɾ-ʊɛbam-ɪ:k-ɪaŋ

Transcription: aorik-oan-uebam-oed ied-oian-ian oaojikad-oaor-ean oarar-uebam-iik-iaŋ

Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Oarar-ior-aan
Closed, afformative, prefixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: oatat-uepap-iik-iak oaokikat-oaot-eat iet-oiat-iat aotik-oat-uepap-oet

Transliteration 2: oadad-uebab-iig-iag oaogigad-oaod-ead ied-oiad-iad aodig-oad-uebab-oed

Pronunciation: ɔarar-ʊɛbam-ɪ:k-ɪaŋ o.aɔʎikan-o.aɔr-ɛan ɪɛd-o.ɪan-ɪan aɔrik-ɔan-ʊɛbam-oed

Transcription: oarar-uebam-iik-iaŋ oaojikan-oaor-ean ied-oiad-ian aorik-oan-uebam-oed

Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.



Back-Vowel Voicing
+ Glottal Deconsonantalization
+ Further Lenition
+ Consonantal Vowel Deletion

This refers to a change that occured in numerous dialects of various morphologies. In some dialects, consonants adjascent to back vowels (a, u, o) were voiced. In other dialects, consonants adjascent to rounded vowels (y, u, o) were voiced.

Variant Group A: Onset Voicing in Open Dialects

In open dialects, the onsets of syllables with back vowels were voiced.


ba > ma > m
pe > be > b
pi > pi > p
py > ɸy > ɸ
bu > βu > β
bo > wo > w

da > na > n
te > de > d
ti > ti > t
ty > sy > s
du > zu > z
do > ɹo > ɹ
tata > ɾaɾa > l

ga > ŋa > ŋ
ke > ge > g
ki > ki > k
ky > xy > x
gu > ɣu > ɣ
go > ʎo > ʎ

Na-ri-lo
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
(Elfish; Dryadic; Faerish)

Transliteration 1: do-mbu-no-kra ni-nio-di ne-rao-nkjao ŋi-ki-mbu-rro

Pronunciation: do-mbu-no-kɹa ni-ni.o-di ne-ɹa.o-nkʎa.o-ŋi-ki-mbu-lo

Transcription: do-mbu-no-kra ni-nio-di ne-rao-nkyao ngi-ki-mbu-lo

Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Na-ri-lo
Open, preformative, suffixing, SVO
(Faerish; Dryadic; Elfish)

Transliteration 1: ŋi-ki-mbu-rro ne-rao-nkjao ni-nio-di do-mbu-no-kra

Pronunciation: ŋi-ki-mbu-lo ne-ɹa.o-nkʎa.o ni-ni.o-di do-mbu-no-kɹa

Transcription: ngi-ki-mbu-lo ne-rao-nkyao ni-nio-di do-mbu-no-kra

Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


An-ir-ol
Formerly-open, afformative, suffixing, OVS
(Darkelfish; Maenadic; Dark Faerish)

Transliteration 1: od-ubm-on-ark in-oin-id en-oar-oajkn iŋ-ik-ubm-orr

Pronunciation: od-ubm-on-aɹk in-o.in-id en-o.aɹ-o.aʎkn iŋ-ik-ubm-ol

Transcription: od-ubm-on-ark in-o.in-id en-oar-oaykn ing-ik-ubm-ol

Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


An-ir-ol
Formerly-open, afformative, suffixing, SVO
(Darkelfish; Maenadic; Dark Faerish)

Transliteration 1: iŋ-ik-ubm-orr en-oar-oajkn in-oin-id en od-ubm-on-ark

Pronunciation: iŋ-ik-ubm-ol en-o.aɹ-o.aʎkn in-o.in-id od-ubm-on-aɹk

Transcription: ing-ik-ubm-ol en-oar-oaykn in-o.in-id od-ubm-on-ark

Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


Lo-ri-na
Open, preformative, prefixing, OVS
(Moonelfish; Nightelfish; Oreadic; Dark Faerish)

Transliteration 1: kra-no-mbu-do di-nio-ni nkjao-rao-ne rro-mbu-ki-ŋi

Pronunciation: kɹa-no-mbu-do di-ni.o-di nkʎa.o-ɹa.o-ne lo-mbu-ki-ŋi

Transcription: kra-no-mbu-do di-nio-ni nkjao-rao-ne lo-mbu-ki-ngi

Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Lo-ri-na
Open, preformative, prefixing, SVO
(Moonelfish; Nightelfish; Dark Faerish)

Transliteration 1: rro-mbu-ki-ŋi nkjao-rao-ne di-nio-ni kra-no-mbu-do

Pronunciation: lo-mbu-ki-ŋi nkʎa.o-ɹa.o-ne di-ni.o-ni kɹa-no-mbu-do

Transcription: lo-mbu-ki-ngi nkyao-rao-ne di-nio-ni kra-no-mbu-do

Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


Ol-ir-an
Formerly-open, afformative, prefixing, OVS
(Oreadic)

Transliteration 1: ark-on-ubm-od id-oin-in oajkn-oar-en orr-ubm-ik-iŋ

Pronunciation: aɹk-on-ubm-od id-o.in-in o.aɹkn-o.aɹ-en ol-ubm-ik-iŋ

Transcription: ark-on-ubm-od id-oin-in oajkn-oar-en ol-ubm-ik-ing

Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Ol-ir-an
Formerly-open, afformative, prefixing, SVO
(Oreadic)

Transliteration 1: orr-ubm-ik-iŋ oajkn-oar-en id-oin-in ark-on-ubm-od

Pronunciation: ol-ubm-ik-iŋ o.aɹkn-o.aɹ-en id-o.in-in aɹk-on-ubm-od

Transcription: ol-ubm-ik-ing oaykn-oar-en id-oin-in ark-on-ubm-od

Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.



Variant Group B: Codal Voicing in Closed Dialects

In closed dialects, the codas of syllables with back vowels were voiced.


ab > am > m
ep > eb > b
ip > ip > p
yp > yɸ > ɸ
ub > uβ > β
ob > ow > w

ad > an > n
et > de > d
it > ti > t
yt > sy > s
ud > zu > z
od > oɹ > ɹ
atat > aɾaɾ > rr

ag > aŋ > ŋ
ek > eg > g
ik > ik > k
yk > yx > x
ug > uɣ > ɣ
og > oʎ > ʎ

Na-ri-rro
Formerly-closed, preformative, suffixing, OVS
(Wood-gnomish)

Transliteration 1: do-mbu-no-kra ni-nio-di ne-rao-nkjao ŋi-ki-mbu-rro

Pronunciation: do-mbu-no-kɹa ni-ni.o-di ne-ɹa.o-nkʎa.o-ŋi-ki-mbu-ɾɾo

Transcription: do-mbu-no-kra ni-nio-di ne-rao-nkyao ngi-ki-mbu-rro

Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Na-ri-rro
Formerly-closed, preformative, suffixing, SVO
(Wood-gnomish)

Transliteration 1: ŋi-ki-mbu-rro ne-rao-nkjao ni-nio-di do-mbu-no-kra

Pronunciation: ŋi-ki-mbu-ɾɾo ne-ɹa.o-nkʎa.o ni-ni.o-di do-mbu-no-kɹa

Transcription: ngi-ki-mbu-rro ne-rao-nkyao ni-nio-di do-mbu-no-kra

Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


An-ir-orr
Closed, afformative, suffixing, OVS
(Swartelfish; Lampadic; Under-Faerish)

Transliteration 1: od-ubm-on-ark in-oin-id en-oar-oajkn iŋ-ik-ubm-orr

Pronunciation: od-ubm-on-aɹk in-o.in-id en-o.aɹ-o.aʎkn iŋ-ik-ubm-oɾɾ

Transcription: od-ubm-on-ark in-o.in-id en-oar-oaykn ing-ik-ubm-orr

Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


An-ir-orr
Closed, afformative, suffixing, SVO
(Swartelfish; Lampadic; Under-Faerish)

Transliteration 1: iŋ-ik-ubm-orr en-oar-oajkn in-oin-id en od-ubm-on-ark

Pronunciation: iŋ-ik-ubm-oɾɾ en-o.aɹ-o.aʎkn in-o.in-id od-ubm-on-aɹk

Transcription: ing-ik-ubm-orr en-oar-oaykn in-o.in-id od-ubm-on-ark

Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


Rro-ri-na
Formerly-closed, preformative, prefixing, OVS
(Oreadic)

Transliteration 1: kra-no-mbu-do di-nio-ni nkjao-rao-ne rro-mbu-ki-ŋi

Pronunciation: kɹa-no-mbu-do di-ni.o-di nkʎa.o-ɹa.o-ne ɾɾo-mbu-ki-ŋi

Transcription: kra-no-mbu-do di-nio-ni nkjao-rao-ne rro-mbu-ki-ngi

Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Rro-ri-na
Formerly-closed, preformative, prefixing, SVO
(Oreadic)

Transliteration 1: rro-mbu-ki-ŋi nkjao-rao-ne di-nio-ni kra-no-mbu-do

Pronunciation: ɾɾo-mbu-ki-ŋi nkʎa.o-ɹa.o-ne di-ni.o-ni kɹa-no-mbu-do

Transcription: rro-mbu-ki-ngi nkyao-rao-ne di-nio-ni kra-no-mbu-do

Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


Orr-ir-an
Closed, afformative, prefixing, OVS
(Hillogrish)

Transliteration 1: ark-on-ubm-od id-oin-in oajkn-oar-en orr-ubm-ik-iŋ

Pronunciation: aɹk-on-ubm-od id-o.in-in o.aɹkn-o.aɹ-en oɾɾ-ubm-ik-iŋ

Transcription: ark-on-ubm-od id-oin-in oajkn-oar-en orr-ubm-ik-ing

Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Orr-ir-an
Closed, afformative, prefixing, SVO
(Hillogrish)

Transliteration 1: orr-ubm-ik-iŋ oajkn-oar-en id-oin-in ark-on-ubm-od

Pronunciation: oɾɾ-ubm-ik-iŋ o.aɹkn-o.aɹ-en id-o.in-in aɹk-on-ubm-od

Transcription: orr-ubm-ik-ing oaykn-oar-en id-oin-in ark-on-ubm-od

Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.



Sound change 2: The Great Vowel Deletion

Sound change 2 with orthographical change 1


ba(q) or pa(q) = /ma/ > ppp = /m/
be(q) or pe(q) = /be/ > pp = /b/
bi(q) or pi(q) = /ɸi/ > qp = /ɸ/
by(q) or py(q) = /py/ > p = /p/
bu(q) or pu(q) = /βu/ > qpp = /β/
bo(q) or po(q) = /wo/ > qppp = /w/

da(q) or ta(q) = /na/ > ttt = /n/
de(q) or te(q) = /de/ > tt = /d/
di(q) or ti(q) = /si/ > qt = /s/
dy(q) or ty(q) = /ty/ > t = /t/
du(q) or tu(q) = /zu/ > qtt = /z/
do(q) or to(q) = /ro/ > qttt = /r/

dada(q) or tata(q) = /la/ > tttttt /l/
dede(q) or tete(q) = /ðe/ > ? /ð/
didi(q) or titi(q) = /ʃi/ > ? /ʃ/
dydy(q) or tyty(q) = /θy/ > ? /θ/
dudu(q) or tutu(q) = /ʒu/ > ? /ʒ/
dodo(q) or toto(q) = /rho/ > ???

ga(q) or ka(q) = /ŋa/ > kkk /ŋ/
ge(q) or ke(q) = /ge/ > kk /g/
gi(q) or ki(q) = /xi/ > qk /x/
gy(q) or ky(q) = /ky/ > k /k/
gu(q) or ku(q) = /ɣu/ > qkk /ɣ/
go(q) or ko(q) = /jo/ > qkkk /j/

New version: Ttoppppputttokqttta tttitttiotti ttteqtttaotttkqkkkao Kkkikippppputttttto. Kkkikitttopppqpppi ttttttatettttttaotttkqkkkao kkkikipppppupitttttto; pitttio kitttattttttaotttkqkkku kkkikipppppupitttttto. Qppqtttikkttti, ttteqtttiokkkue ttttttatikitttttto. Qtttoettaeqtttootttkqkkka tttittttttiottttta taokaeqtttotttkqkkkue tttittttttiotttta. Kitttikipitttotti taakaeqtttaotttkqkkkaa ttttttatikitttttto. Qtttautteqtttaotttkqkkkaa pppaeqtikitttttto. Pppaeqtikititttppppi ttteqtttiotttue tttittttttio.


Sound change 2 with orthographical change 2

Orthographical change 2 is separate and distinct from orthographical change 1. Orthrographical change 2 does not follow sequentially or build upon orthographical change 1.


ba(q) or pa(q) = /ma/ > m = /m/
be(q) or pe(q) = /be/ > ph = /b/
bi(q) or pi(q) = /ɸi/ > pp = /ɸ/
by(q) or py(q) = /py/ > p = /p/
bu(q) or pu(q) = /βu/ > phph = /β/
bo(q) or po(q) = /wo/ > mh = /w/

da(q) or ta(q) = /na/ > n = /n/
de(q) or te(q) = /de/ > th = /d/
di(q) or ti(q) = /si/ > tt = /s/
dy(q) or ty(q) = /ty/ > t = /t/
du(q) or tu(q) = /zu/ > thth = /z/
do(q) or to(q) = /ro/ > nh = /r/

dada(q) or tata(q) = /la/ > nn /l/
dede(q) or tete(q) = /ðe/ > ? /ð/
didi(q) or titi(q) = /ʃi/ > ? /ʃ/
dydy(q) or tyty(q) = /θy/ > ? /θ/
dudu(q) or tutu(q) = /ʒu/ > ? /ʒ/
dodo(q) or toto(q) = /rho/ > ???

ga(q) or ka(q) = /ŋa/ > ŋ /ŋ/
ge(q) or ke(q) = /ge/ > kh /g/
gi(q) or ki(q) = /xi/ > kk /x/
gy(q) or ky(q) = /ky/ > k /k/
gu(q) or ku(q) = /ɣu/ > khkh /ɣ/
go(q) or ko(q) = /jo/ > ŋh /j/

New version: Thomphunoknha niniothi nenhaonkŋhao Ŋikimphunno. Ŋikinommhi nnatennaonkŋhao ŋikimphupinno; pinio kinannaonkŋhu ŋikimphupinno. Phphŋhikhni, nenhioŋue nnatikinno. Nhoedaenhoonkŋha ninniontha taokaenhonkŋhue ninnionta. Kinikipinothi taakaenhaonkŋhaa nnatikinno. Nhaudenhaonkŋhaa maettikinno. Maettikitinmpi nenhionue ninnio.


Sound change 2 with orthographical change 3

Orthographical change 3 follows sequentially from and builds upon orthographical change 2.


m = /m/
ph = /b/ > b = /b/
pp = /ɸ/ > ph = /ɸ/
p = /p/
phph = /β/ > bh = /β/
mh = /w/ > mh /w/

n = /n/
th = /d/ > d = /d/
tt = /s/ > s = /s/
t = /t/
thth = /z/ > z = /z/
nh = /r/

nn /l/ > = l /l/
? /ð/ > dh = /ð/
? /ʃ/ > sh /ʃ/
? /θ/ > th = /θ/
? /ʒ/ > zh = /ʒ/
???

ŋ /ŋ/
kh = /g/ > g = /g/
kk = /x/ > kh = /x/
k = /k/
khkh = /ɣ/ > gh /ɣ/
ŋh = /j/ > lh = /j/

Newer version: Dombunoknha niniodi nenhaonklhao-Ŋikimbulo. Ŋikinommhi latelaonklhao-Ŋikimbupilo; pinio kinalaonklhu-ŋikimbupilo. Bhlhigni, nenhioŋue-latikilo. Nhoedaenhoonklhoa-nilionda taokaenhoonklhue-nilionta. Kinikipinodi taakaenhaonklhaa-latikilo. Nhaudenhaonklhaa-maesikilo. Maesikitinompi nenhionue-nilio.


Sound change 2 with orthographical change 4

Orthographical change 4 follows sequentially from and builds upon orthographical change 3.


m = /m/
b = /b/
ph = /ɸ/ > f = /ɸ/
p = /p/
bh = /β/ > v = /β/
mh /w/ > w /w/

n = /n/
d = /d/
s = /s/
t = /t/
z = /z/
nh = /r/ > r = /r/

l /l/
dh = /ð/ > ð = /ð/
sh /ʃ/ > ? = /ʃ/
> th = /θ/ > þ = /θ/
zh = /ʒ/ > ? = /ʒ/
???

ŋ /ŋ/
g = /g/
kh = /x/ > x = /x/
k = /k/
gh /ɣ/ > ? = /ɣ/
lh = /j/ > y = /j/

Newerer version: Dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao-Ŋikimbulo. Ŋikinomwi latelaonkyao-Ŋikimbupilo; pinio kinalaonkyu-ŋikimbupilo. Vyigni, nerioŋue-latikilo. Roedaeroonkyoa-nilionda taokaeroonkyue-nilionta. Kinikipinodi taakaeraonkyaa-latikilo. Rauderaonkyaa-maesikilo. Maesikitinompi nerionue-nilio.



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