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Colline Languages

Copyright © 2004-2021 C.E. by Dustin Jon Scott

Main branching patterns

Terran branch
+Back-Vowel Voicing		 Agrarian-Montane subbranch
+Glottal Deconsonantalization		 Sylvan-Agrarian subbranch
(Open syllables)
+Further Lenition		 Sylvanic subbranch
+Consonantal Vowel Deletion
Agrarian subbranch
+Synalœpha
Montane-Nomadic subbranch
(Closed syllables)
+Further Lenition		 Nomadic subbranch
+Synalœpha
Montane subbranch
+Consonantal Vowel Deletion
Chthonic subbranch
(Closed syllables)
+Glottal Assimilation		 Colline subbranch
+Further Lenition
+Consonantal Vowel Deletion
Infernal subbranch
+Further Lenition
+Synalœpha


Evolution of the Colline Languages
Language Family SuffixingPrefixing
PreformativeAfformative PreformativeAfformative
OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed OpenClosed
Proto-Palæoboreanic Taqa-toqi-tataqoAtaq-otiq-atatoq Qata-qito-qotataAqat-iqot-oqatat Tataqo-toqi-taqaAtatoq-otiq-ataq Qotata-qito-qataOqatat-iqot-aqat
Proto-Terran Daqa-doqi-dadaqoAdaq-odiq-adadoq Qada-qido-qodadaAqad-iqod-oqadad Dadaqo-doqi-daqaAdadoq-odiq-adaq Qodada-qido-qadaOqadad-iqod-aqad
Proto-Chthonic N/AAdáj-odíj-adadów? N/AÁjad-íjod-ówadad? N/AAdadów-odíj-adáj? N/AÓwadad-íjod-ájad?
Proto-Colline N/AAnáj-oríj-ararów? N/AÁjan-íjor-ówarar? N/AArarów-oríj-anáj? N/AÓwarar-íjor-ájan?
Colline 1 N/ANah-rij-nhow? N/AAhn-ijr-ownh? N/ANhow-rij-nah? N/AOwnh-ijr-ahn?
Colline 2 N/ANarhiljow? N/AAnhirjowl? N/ALorwinjah? N/AOlwirjahn?

  • Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Nah-rij-nhow?) — OVS:
  • Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Nah-rij-nhow?) — SVO: Proto-Wooddwarfish?
  • Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Ahn-ijr-ownh?) — OVS:
  • Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Ahn-ijr-ownh?) — SVO:
  • Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Nhow-rij-nah?) — OVS:
  • Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Nhow-rij-nah?) — SVO:
  • Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Ownh-ijr-ahn) — OVS:
  • Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Ownh-ijr-ahn) — SVO: Colline Proto-Dwarfish / Proto-Hilldwarfish



Grouped List

This is a list of the early Palaeoboreanic dialects.


  • [Phase 1] Taqa-toqi-tataqo — OPS Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Ataq-otiq-atatoq — CPS Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Qata-qito-qotata — OAS Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Aqat-iqot-oqatat — CAS Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Tataqo-toqi-taqa — OPP Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Atatoq-otiq-ataq — CPP Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Qotata-qito-qata — OAP Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 1] Oqatat-iqot-aqat — CAP Proto-Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Daqa-doqi-dadaqo — OPS Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Adaq-odiq-adadoq — CPS Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Qada-qido-qodada — OAS Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Aqad-iqod-oqadad — CAS Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Dadaqo-doqi-daqa — OPP Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Adadoq-odiq-adaq — CPP Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Qodada-qido-qada — OAP Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 2A] Oqadad-iqod-aqad — CAP Proto-Terran Palaeboreanic
  • [Phase 3A2] Adaj-odij-adadow — CPS Proto-Chthonic
  • [Phase 3A2] Ajad-ijod-owadad — CAS Proto-Chthonic
  • [Phase 3A2] Adadow-odij-adaj — CPP Proto-Chthonic
  • [Phase 3A2] Owadad-ijod-ajad — CAP Proto-Chthonic
  • [Phase 4A2a] Anaj-orij-ararow — CPS Proto-Colline
  • [Phase 4A2a] Ajan-ijor-owarar — CAS Proto-Colline
  • [Phase 4A2a] Ararow-orij-anaj — CPP Proto-Colline
  • [Phase 4A2a] Owarar-ijor-ajar — CAP Proto-Colline
  • [Phase 5A2a1] Nah-rij-nhow — CPS Colline languages [1]: Proto-Moundelfish; Proto-Sidhean; Proto-Wooddwarfish?
  • [Phase 5A2a1] Ahn-ijr-ownh — CAS Colline [1]
  • [Phase 5A2a1] Nhow-rij-nah — CPP Colline [1]
  • [Phase 5A2a1] Ownh-ijr-ahn — CAP Colline languages [1]: Colline Proto-Dwarfish / Proto-Hilldwarfish?
  • [Phase 6A2a1a] Narhiljow? — CPS Colline [2]: Moundelfish; Sidhean; Wooddwarfish?
  • [Phase 6A2a1a] Amhirjowl? — CAS Colline [2]: Felldwarfish?
  • [Phase 6A2a1a] Lorwinjah? — CPP Colline [2]
  • [Phase 6A2a1a] Olwirjahn? — CAP Colline [2]: Colline Dwarfish? Hilldwarfish?



Variant Group B: Codal Voicing in Closed Dialects
+ Glottal Assimilation

In closed dialects, the codas of syllables with back vowels were voiced.


p > b /[a]_
p > b /[u]_
p > b /[o]_
t > d /[a]_
t > d /[u]_
t > d /[o]_
t > ɾ /[vowel]_[same vowel]_

k > g /[a]_
k > g /[u]_
k > g /[o]_
q > ɦ /[a]_
q > ɦ /[u]_
q > ɦ /[o]_

Ada’-odi’-araro’
Closed, preformative, suffixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: etoq-apepuq-atoq-ikotaq atiq-atiqoq-etiq ateq-otaqoq-atikokaqoq atiq-ikiq-apepuq-atatoq

Transliteration 2: edoq-abebuq-adoq-igodaq adiq-adiqoq-ediq adeq-odaqoq-adigogaqoq agiq-igiq-abebuq-adadoq

Pronunciation: etow-abepuw-adow-ikodaj adij-adijow-etij adej-odajow-adikogajow agij-ikij-abepuw-aɾaɾow

Transcription: eto’-abepu’-ado’-ikoda’ adi’-adi’o’-eti’ ade’-oda’o’-adikoga’o’ agi’-iki’-abepu’-araro’

Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Ada’-odi’-araro’
Closed, preformative, suffixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: atiq-ikiq-apepuq-atatoq ateq-otaqoq-atikokaqoq atiq-atiqoq-etiq etoq-apepuq-atoq-ikotaq

Transliteration 2: agiq-igiq-abebuq-adadoq adeq-odaqoq-adigogaqoq adiq-adiqoq-ediq edoq-abebuq-adoq-igodaq

Pronunciation: agij-ikij-abepuw-aɾaɾow adej-odajow-adikogajow adij-adiqow-etij etow-abepuw-adow-ikodaw

Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


A’ad-i’od-o’arar
Closed, afformative, suffixing, OVS

Transliteration: oqet-uqepap-oqat-aqotik iqat-oqiqat-iqet eqat-oqaqot-oqaqokikat iqat-iqik-uqepap-oqatat

Transliteration: oqed-uqebab-oqad-aqodig iqad-oqiqad-iqed eqad-oqaqod-oqaqogigad iqad-iqig-uqebab-oqadad

Pronunciation: owet-uwepab-owad-ajodik ijad-owijad-ijet ejad-owajod-owajogikad ijag-ijik-uwepab-owaɾaɾ

Pronunciation: o’et-u’epab-o’ad-a’odik i’ad-o’i’ad-i’et e’ad-o’a’od-o’a’ogikad i’ag-i’ik-u’epab-o’arar

Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


A’ad-i’od-o’arar
Closed, afformative, suffixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: iqak-iqik-uqepap-oqatat eqat-oqaqot-oqaqogikad iqad-oqiqad-iqed oqet-uqeqab-oqad-aqodik

Transliteration 2: iqag-iqig-uqebab-oqadad eqad-oqaqod-oqaqogigad iqad-oqiqad-iqed oqed-uqebab-oqad-aqodig

Pronunciation: ijag-ijik-uwepab-owaɾaɾ ejad-owajod-owajogikad ijad-owijad-ijet owet-uwejab-owad-ajodik

Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


Araro’-odi’-ada’
Closed, preformative, prefixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: ikotaq-atoq-apepuq-etoq etiq-atiqoq-atiq atikokaqoq-otaqoq-ateq atatoq-etapuq-ikiq-akiq

Transliteration: igodaq-adoq-abebuq-edoq ediq-adiqoq-adiq adigogaqoq-odaqoq-adeq adadoq-edabuq-igiq-agiq

Pronunciation: ikodaɦ-adoɦ-abepuɦ-etoɦ etiʔ-adiqoɦ-adiʔ adikogaɦoɦ-odaɦoɦ-adeʔ aɾaɾoɦ-edepuɦ-ikiʔ-agiʔ

Transcription: ikoda’-ado’-abepu’-eto’ eti’-adiqo’-adi’ adikoga’o’-oda’o’-ade’ araro’-edepu’-iki’-agi’

Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


Araro’-odi’-ada’
Closed, preformative, prefixing, SVO

Transliteration: atatoq-epepuq-ikiq-akiq atikokaqoq-otaqoq-ateq etiq-atiqoq-atiq ikotaq-atoq-atepuq-etoq

Transliteration: adadoq-ebebuq-igiq-agiq adigogaqoq-odaqoq-adeq ediq-adiqoq-adiq igodaq-adoq-adepuq-edoq

Pronunciation: aɾaɾoɦ-ebepuɦ-ikiʔ-agiʔ adikogaɦoɦ-odaɦoɦ-adeʔ etiʔ-adiqoɦ-adiʔ ikodaɦ-adoɦ-adepuɦ-etoɦ

Transcription: araro’-ebepu’-iki’-agi’ adikoga’o’-oda’o’-ade’ eti’-adiqo’-adi’ ikoda’-ado’-adepu’-eto’

Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.


O’arar-i’od-a’ad
Closed, afformative, prefixing, OVS

Transliteration 1: aqotik-oqat-uqepap-oqet iqet-oqiqat-iqat oqaqokikat-oqaqot-eqat oqatat-uqepap-iqik-iqak

Transliteration 2: aqodig-oqad-uqebab-oqed iqed-oqiqad-iqad oqaqogigad-oqaqod-eqad oqadad-uqebab-iqig-iqag

Pronunciation: aɦodik-oɦad-uɦepab-oɦet iʔet-oɦiʔad-iʔad oɦaɦogikad-oɦaɦod-eqad oɦaɾaɾ-uɦepab-iʔik-iʔag

Transcription: a’odik-o’ad-u’epab-o’et i’et-o’i’ad-i’ad o’a’ogikad-o’a’od-eqad o’arar-u’epab-i’ik-i’ag

Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none

Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.


O’arar-i’od-a’ad
Closed, afformative, prefixing, SVO

Transliteration 1: oqatat-uqepap-iqik-iqak oqaqokikat-oqaqot-eqat iqet-oqiqat-iqat aqotik-oqat-uqepap-oqet

Transliteration 2: oqadad-uqebab-iqig-iqag oqaqogigad-oqaqod-eqad iqed-oqiqad-iqad aqodig-oqad-uqebab-oqed

Pronunciation: oɦaɾaɾ-uɦepab-iʔik-iʔag oɦaɦogikad-oɦaɦod-eʔad iʔet-oɦiʔad-iʔad aɦodik-oɦad-uɦepab-oɦet

Transcription: o’arar-u’epab-i’ik-iʔag o’a’ogikad-o’a’od-e’ad i’et-o’i’ad-i’ad a’odik-o’ad-u’epab-o’et

Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause

Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.




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