Conlangs
(Constructed Languages)
Alphabetical List
This is an alphabetical list of the languages and language families created by D. Jon Scott. They are not ordered or categorized by their relationships to one another.
Note that this list is under construction. It appears that I have made more conlangs than I can easily remember without looking them up. So it may take a while to finish compiling this list.
- Áda-ído-ódada (or Áda-údo-íódada) — Elfish Proto-Agrarian-Montane (early Proto-Darkelfish dialect)
- Agrarian-Montane Languages
- Ána-íro-órara (or Ána-úro-íórara) — Elfish Proto-Sylvan-Agrarian (early Proto-Darkelfish dialect)
- An-ir-ol (or An-ur-iol) — Early Proto-Darkelfish (a Proto-Sylvanic dialect)
- Anirol (or Anuriol) — Late Proto-Darkelfish (a Proto-Sylvanic dialect)
- Daá-doí-dadaó (or Daá-doú-dadaíó) — Nymphish Proto-Agrarian-Montane (early Proto-Drayadic dialect)
- Dadaó-doí-daá (or Dadaíó-doú-daá) — Elfish Proto-Agrarian-Montane (early Proto-Nightelfish dialect)
- Daqá-doqí-dadaqó (or Daá-doú-dadaíó) — Nymphish Proto-Terran (early Proto-Drayadic dialect)
- Darkelfish Languages
- Drayadic
- Faerish Languages
- Lo-ri-na — ancestor of the Nightelfish & Moonelfish languages.
- Lorina — Nightelfish & Moonelfish languages.
- Moonelfish Languages
- Na-ri-lo — ancestor of the Faerish, Draydic, and the majority of Elfish languages.
- Narilo — Faerish, Draydic, and the majority of Elfish languages.
- Nightelfish Languages
- Nymphic Languages
- Ódada-ído-áda (Óídada-údo-áda) — Elfish Proto-Agrarian-Montane (early Proto-Swartelfish dialect)
- Ogrish Languages
- Ol-ir-an (or Oil-ur-an) — Proto-Swartelfish (a Sylvanic language)
- Palæoboreanic Languages
- Qata-qito-qatata (or Qata-quto-qiqotata)
- Saurian Language
- Swartelfish Languages
- Sylvanic Languages
- Sylvanic-Agrarian Languages
- Taqá-toqí-tataqó (or Taqá-toqú-tataqíqó) — Nymphish Proto-Palæoboreanic (early Proto-Drayadic dialect)
- Terran Languages
- Yelei Language
Main branching patterns of the Palaeoboreanic Languages
This depicts the initial diversification patterns of the first few dialects of the Proto-Paleoboreanic language, or the main branches of the Palaeoboreanic language family.
| Terran branch
+Back-Vowel Voicing |
Agrarian-Montane subbranch
+Glottal Deconsonantalization |
Sylvan-Agrarian subbranch
(Open syllables) +Further Lenition |
Sylvanic subbranch
+Consonantal Vowel Deletion |
| Agrarian subbranch
+Synalœpha |
|||
| Montane-Nomadic subbranch
(Closed syllables) +Further Lenition |
Nomadic subbranch
+Synalœpha |
||
| Montane subbranch
+Consonantal Vowel Deletion |
|||
| Chthonic subbranch
(Closed syllables) +Glottal Assimilation |
Colline subbranch
+Further Lenition +Consonantal Vowel Deletion |
||
| Infernal subbranch
+Further Lenition +Synalœpha |
|||
| Aquan branch
+Round-Vowel Voicing |
Marine subbranch
+Glottal Deconsonantalization |
Abyssal-Pelagic subbranch
+Further Lenition +Vowel consonantalization |
Abyssal subbranch
(Closed Syllables) |
| Pelagic subbranch
(Open syllables) |
|||
| Coastal-Islandic subbranch
+Further Lenition +Synalœpha |
Coastal subbranch
(Open syllables) |
||
| Islandic subbranch
(Closed syllables) |
|||
| Lacustrine-Riparian subbranch
+Glottal Assimilation |
Lacustrine-Palustrine subbranch
+Further Lenition +Semivowel Reassimilation |
Lacustrine subbranch
(Open syllables) |
|
| Palustrine subbranch
(Closed syllables) |
|||
| Riparian-Potamic subbranch
+Further Lenition +Consonantal Vowel Deletion |
Potamic subbranch
(Closed syllables) |
||
| Riparian subbranch
(Open syllables) |
|||
| Evolution of the Sylvanic Languages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language Family | Suffixing | Prefixing | ||||||
| Preformative | Afformative | Preformative | Afformative | |||||
| Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic | Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq | Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat | Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq | Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Terran | Daqa-doqi-dadaqo | Adaq-odiq-adadoq | Qada-qido-qodada | Aqad-iqod-oqadad | Dadaqo-doqi-daqa | Adadoq-odiq-adaq | Qodada-qido-qada | Oqadad-iqod-aqad |
| Proto-Agrarian-Montane | Daá-doí-dadaó | Adá-odí-adadó | Áda-ído-ódada | Áad-íod-óadad | Dadaó-doí-daá | Adadó-odí-adá | Ódada-ído-áda | Óadad-íod-áad |
| Proto-Sylvan-Agrarian | Naá-roí-raraó | N/A | Ána-íro-órara | N/A | Raraó-roí-naá | N/A | Órara-íro-ána | N/A |
| Proto-Sylvanic | Na-ri-nho | N/A | An-ir-onh | N/A | Nho-ri-na | N/A | Onh-ir-an | N/A |
| Sylvanic 1 | Na-ri-lo | N/A | An-ir-ol | N/A | Lo-ri-na | N/A | Ol-ir-an | N/A |
| Sylvanic 2 | Narilo | N/A | Anirol | N/A | Lorina | N/A | Oliran | N/A |
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Na-ri-nho) — OVS: Proto-Drayadic, Proto-Sylvan, Proto-Faerish
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Na-ri-nho) — SVO: Proto-Aldelfish, Proto-Woodelfish
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Suffixing (An-ir-onh) — OVS: Proto-Maenadic
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Suffixing (An-ir-onh) — SVO: Proto-Darkelfish
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Nho-ri-na) — OVS: Proto-Nightelfish? Proto-Huldric? Proto-Hesperidic?
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Nho-ri-na) — SVO: Proto-Moonelfish? Proto-Huldric?
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Prefixing (Onh-ir-an) — OVS: Proto-Arachnyadic
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Prefixing (Onh-ir-an) — SVO: Proto-Swartelfish
| Evolution of the Agrarian Languages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language Family | Suffixing | Prefixing | ||||||
| Preformative | Afformative | Preformative | Afformative | |||||
| Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic | Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq | Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat | Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq | Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Terran | Daqa-doqi-dadaqo | Adaq-odiq-adadoq | Qada-qido-qodada | Aqad-iqod-oqadad | Dadaqo-doqi-daqa | Adadoq-odiq-adaq | Qodada-qido-qada | Oqadad-iqod-aqad |
| Proto-Agrarian-Montane | Daá-doí-dadaó | Adá-odí-adadó | Áda-ído-ódada | Áad-íod-óadad | Dadaó-doí-daá | Adadó-odí-adá | Ódada-ído-áda | Óadad-íod-áad |
| Proto-Sylvan-Agrarian | Naá-roí-raraó | N/A | Ána-íro-órara | N/A | Raraó-roí-naá | N/A | Órara-íro-ána | N/A |
| Proto-Agrarian | Naa-roi-nhao? | N/A | Ana-iro-onha? | N/A | Nhao-roi-naa? | N/A | Onha-iro-ana? | N/A |
| Agrarian 1 | Naa-roi-lao? | N/A | Ana-iro-ola? | N/A | Lao-roi-naa? | N/A | Ola-iro-ana? | N/A |
| Agrarian 2 | Naaroilao? | N/A | Anairoola? | N/A | Laoroinaa? | N/A | Olairoana? | N/A |
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Naa-roi-nhao) — OVS: Proto-Leimakidic, Proto-Leimoniadic, Proto-Epimelidic?
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Naa-roi-nhao) — SVO: Proto-Meadowelfish
- Open, Afformative, Suffixing (Ana-iro-onha) — OVS:
- Open, Afformative, Suffixing (Ana-iro-onha) — SVO:
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Nhao-roi-naa) — OVS:
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Nhao-roi-naa) — SVO: Proto-Centaurian?
- Open, Afformative, Prefixing (Onha-iro-ana) — OVS:
- Open, Afformative, Prefixing (Onha-iro-ana) — SVO: Agrarian Proto-Dwarfish / Proto-Fielddwarfish?
| Evolution of the Nomadic Languages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language Family | Suffixing | Prefixing | ||||||
| Preformative | Afformative | Preformative | Afformative | |||||
| Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic | Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq | Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat | Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq | Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Terran | Daqa-doqi-dadaqo | Adaq-odiq-adadoq | Qada-qido-qodada | Aqad-iqod-oqadad | Dadaqo-doqi-daqa | Adadoq-odiq-adaq | Qodada-qido-qada | Oqadad-iqod-aqad |
| Proto-Agrarian-Montane | Daá-doí-dadaó | Adá-odí-adadó | Áda-ído-ódada | Áad-íod-óadad | Dadaó-doí-daá | Adadó-odí-adá | Ódada-ído-áda | Óadad-íod-áad |
| Proto-Montane-Nomadic | N/A | Aná-orí-araró | N/A | Áan-íor-óarar | N/A | Araró-orí-aná | N/A | Óarar-íor-áan |
| Proto-Nomadic | N/A | Ana-ori-anho? | N/A | Aan-ior-aonh | N/A | Anho-ori-ana? | N/A | Oanh-ior-aan? |
| Nomadic 1 | N/A | Ana-ori-alo? | N/A | Aan-ior-aol? | N/A | Alo-ori-ana? | N/A | Oal-ir-aan? |
| Nomadic 2 | N/A | Anaorialo? | N/A | Aanioraol? | N/A | Alooriana? | N/A | Oalioraan? |
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Ana-ori-anho) — OVS:
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Ana-ori-anho) — SVO: Proto-Trooping-Faerish?
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Aan-ior-oanh) — OVS:
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Aan-ior-oanh) — SVO:
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Anho-ori-ana) — OVS:
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Anho-ori-ana) — SVO:
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Oanh-ior-aan) — OVS:
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Oanh-ior-aan) — SVO:
| Evolution of the Montane Languages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language Family | Suffixing | Prefixing | ||||||
| Preformative | Afformative | Preformative | Afformative | |||||
| Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic | Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq | Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat | Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq | Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Terran | Daqa-doqi-dadaqo | Adaq-odiq-adadoq | Qada-qido-qodada | Aqad-iqod-oqadad | Dadaqo-doqi-daqa | Adadoq-odiq-adaq | Qodada-qido-qada | Oqadad-iqod-aqad |
| Proto-Agrarian-Montane | Daá-doí-dadaó | Adá-odí-adadó | Áda-ído-ódada | Áad-íod-óadad | Dadaó-doí-daá | Adadó-odí-adá | Ódada-ído-áda | Óadad-íod-áad |
| Proto-Montane-Nomadic | N/A | Aná-orí-araró | N/A | Áan-íor-óarar | N/A | Araró-orí-aná | N/A | Óarar-íor-áan |
| Proto-Montane | N/A | Na-ri-rho | N/A | An-ir-orh | N/A | Rho-ri-na | N/A | Orh-ir-an |
| Montane 1 | N/A | Na-rhi-ro | N/A | An-iŋr-or | N/A | Ro-rhi-na | N/A | Orr-imhr-an |
| Montane 2 | N/A | Narhiro? | N/A | Aniŋror | N/A | Rorhina? | N/A | Orriwran |
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Na-ri-rho?) — OVS: Proto-Oreiadic? Proto-Cryonyadic?
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Na-ri-rho?) — SVO:
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (An-ir-orh) — OVS: Proto-Ogrish?
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (An-ir-orh) — SVO: Proto-Ogrish
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Rho-ri-na?) — OVS:
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Rho-ri-na?) — SVO:
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Orh-ir-an) — OVS: Proto-Dwarfish?
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Orh-ir-an) — SVO: Proto-Dwarfish?
| Evolution of the Colline Languages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language Family | Suffixing | Prefixing | ||||||
| Preformative | Afformative | Preformative | Afformative | |||||
| Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic | Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq | Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat | Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq | Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Terran | Daqa-doqi-dadaqo | Adaq-odiq-adadoq | Qada-qido-qodada | Aqad-iqod-oqadad | Dadaqo-doqi-daqa | Adadoq-odiq-adaq | Qodada-qido-qada | Oqadad-iqod-aqad |
| Proto-Chthonic | N/A | Adáj-odíj-adadów? | N/A | Ájad-íjod-ówadad? | N/A | Adadów-odíj-adáj? | N/A | Ówadad-íjod-ájad? |
| Proto-Colline | N/A | Anáj-oríj-ararów? | N/A | Ájan-íjor-ówarar? | N/A | Ararów-oríj-anáj? | N/A | Ówarar-íjor-ájan? |
| Colline 1 | N/A | Nah-rij-nhow? | N/A | Ahn-ijr-ownh? | N/A | Nhow-rij-nah? | N/A | Ownh-ijr-ahn? |
| Colline 2 | N/A | Narhiljow? | N/A | Anhirjowl? | N/A | Lorwinjah? | N/A | Olwirjahn? |
- Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Nah-rij-nhow?) — OVS:
- Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Nah-rij-nhow?) — SVO: Proto-Wooddwarfish?
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Ahn-ijr-ownh?) — OVS:
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Ahn-ijr-ownh?) — SVO:
- Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Nhow-rij-nah?) — OVS:
- Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Nhow-rij-nah?) — SVO:
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Ownh-ijr-ahn) — OVS:
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Ownh-ijr-ahn) — SVO: Colline Proto-Dwarfish / Proto-Hilldwarfish
| Evolution of the Infernal Languages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language Family | Suffixing | Prefixing | ||||||
| Preformative | Afformative | Preformative | Afformative | |||||
| Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic | Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq | Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat | Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq | Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Terran | Daqa-doqi-dadaqo | Adaq-odiq-adadoq | Qada-qido-qodada | Aqad-iqod-oqadad | Dadaqo-doqi-daqa | Adadoq-odiq-adaq | Qodada-qido-qada | Oqadad-iqod-aqad |
| Proto-Chthonic | N/A | Adáh-odíj-adadów? | N/A | Áhad-íjod-ówadad? | N/A | Adadów-odíj-adáh? | N/A | Ówadad-íjod-áhad? |
| Proto-Infernal 1 | N/A | Anáh-oríj-ararów? | N/A | Áhan-íjor-ówarar? | N/A | Ararów-oríj-anáh? | N/A | Ówarar-íjor-áhan? |
| Proto-Infernal 2a | N/A | Anáh-oríj-arrów? | N/A | Áhan-íjor-ówarr? | N/A | Arrów-oríj-anáh? | N/A | Ówarr-íjor-áhan? |
| Proto-Infernal 2b | N/A | Anáh-oríj-arhów? | N/A | Áhan-íjor-ówarh? | N/A | Arhów-oríj-anáh? | N/A | Ówarh-íjor-áhan? |
| Proto-Infernal 2c | N/A | Anáh-oríj-anhów? | N/A | Áhan-íjor-ówanh? | N/A | Anhów-oríj-anáh? | N/A | Ówanh-íjor-áhan? |
- Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Anah-orij-anhow?) — OVS: Proto-Lampadic?
- Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Anah-orij-anhow?) — SVO:
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Ahan-ijor-owanh?) — OVS: Proto-Ortch? Proto-Fomorian?
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Ahan-ijor-owanh?) — SVO: Proto-Ortch? Proto-Fomorian?
- Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Anhow-orij-anah?) — OVS:
- Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Anhow-orij-anah?) — SVO:
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Owanh-ijor-ahan?) — OVS:
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Owanh-ijor-ahan?) — SVO: Infernal Proto-Dwarfish
| Evolution of the Abyssal Languages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language Family | Suffixing | Prefixing | ||||||
| Preformative | Afformative | Preformative | Afformative | |||||
| Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic | Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq | Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat | Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq | Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Aquan | Taqa-doqi-tataqo | Ataq-odiq-atatoq | Qata-qido-qotata | Aqat-iqod-oqatat | Tataqo-doqi-data | Atatoq-odiq-ataq | Qotata-qido-qata | Oqatat-iqod-aqat |
| Proto-Marine | Taá-doí-tataó | Atá-odí-atató | Áta-ído-ótata | Áat-íod-óatat | Tataó-doí-taá | Atató-odí-atá | Ótata-ído-áta | Óatat-íod-áat |
| Proto-Abyssal-Pelagic | Dwá-rwí-ddwó | Wdá-wrí-wddó? | Ádw-írw-óddw | Áwd-íwr-ówdd? | Ddwó-rwí-dwá | Wddó-wrí-wdá? | Ódada-íro-áda | Ówdd-íwr-áwd? |
| Proto-Abyssal | N/A | Wdá-wrí-wðó? | N/A | Áwd-íwr-ówð? | N/A | Wðó-wrí-wdá? | N/A | Ówð-íwr-áwd? |
- Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Wda-wri-wðo?) — OVS: Proto-Oceanidic? Proto-Pegaeaic? Proto-Crinaeaic?
- Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Wda-wri-wðo?) — SVO:
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Awd-iwr-owð?) — OVS: Proto-(Sea-)Ortch? Proto-Fomorian?
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Awd-iwr-owð?) — SVO: Proto-(Sea-)Ortch? Proto-Fomorian?
- Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Wðo-wri-wda?) — OVS:
- Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Wðo-wri-wda?) — SVO: Proto-Merrowine?
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Owð-iwr-awd?) — OVS:
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Owð-iwr-awd?) — SVO: Abyssal Proto-(Sea)Dwarfish
| Evolution of the Pelagic Languages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language Family | Suffixing | Prefixing | ||||||
| Preformative | Afformative | Preformative | Afformative | |||||
| Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic | Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq | Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat | Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq | Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Aquan | Taqa-doqi-tataqo | Ataq-odiq-atatoq | Qata-qido-qotata | Aqat-iqod-oqatat | Tataqo-doqi-data | Atatoq-odiq-ataq | Qotata-qido-qata | Oqatat-iqod-aqat |
| Proto-Marine | Taá-doí-tataó | Atá-odí-atató | Áta-ído-ótata | Áat-íod-óatat | Tataó-doí-taá | Atató-odí-atá | Ótata-ído-áta | Óatat-íod-áat |
| Proto-Abyssal-Pelagic | Dwá-rwí-ddwó | Wdá-wrí-wddó? | Ádw-írw-óddw | Áwd-íwr-ówdd? | Ddwó-rwí-dwá | Wddó-wrí-wdá? | Ódada-íro-áda | Ówdd-íwr-áwd? |
| Proto-Pelagic | Dwá-rwí-ðwó | N/A | Ádw-írw-óðw | N/A | Ðwó-rwí-dwá | N/A | Óðw-írw-ádw | N/A |
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Dwa-rwi-ðwo) — OVS: Proto-Nereidic, Proto-Oceanidic?
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Dwa-rwi-ðwo) — SVO: Proto-Sea-elfish
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Suffixing (Adw-irw-oðw) — OVS: Proto-Sirenic
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Suffixing (Adw-irw-oðw) — SVO: Dark Proto-Sea-elfish / Proto-Seadarkelfish
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Ðwo-rwi-dwa) — OVS: Proto-Tritonic
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Ðwo-rwi-dwa) — SVO: Proto-Merrowine
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Prefixing (Oðw-irw-adw) — OVS:
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Prefixing (Oðw-irw-adw) — SVO: Pelagic Proto-(Sea)Dwarfish
| Evolution of the Coastal Languages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language Family | Suffixing | Prefixing | ||||||
| Preformative | Afformative | Preformative | Afformative | |||||
| Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic | Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq | Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat | Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq | Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Aquan | Taqa-doqi-tataqo | Ataq-odiq-atatoq | Qata-qido-qotata | Aqat-iqod-oqatat | Tataqo-doqi-data | Atatoq-odiq-ataq | Qotata-qido-qata | Oqatat-iqod-aqat |
| Proto-Marine | Taá-doí-tataó | Atá-odí-atató | Áta-ído-ótata | Áat-íod-óatat | Tataó-doí-taá | Atató-odí-atá | Ótata-ído-áta | Óatat-íod-áat |
| Proto-Coastal-Islandic | Daá-roí-dadaó | Adá-orí-adadó? | Áda-íro-ódada | Áad-íor-óadad? | Dadaó-roí-daá | Adadó-orí-adá? | Ódada-íro-áda | Óadad-íor-áad? |
| Proto-Coastal | Daá-roí-ðaó | N/A | Áda-íro-óða | N/A | Ðaó-roí-daá | N/A | Óða-íro-áda | N/A |
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Daa-roi-ðao) — OVS: Proto-Morean?
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Daa-roi-ðao) — SVO: Proto-Illyrian?
- Open, Afformative, Suffixing (Ada-iro-oða) — OVS: Proto-Morganic?
- Open, Afformative, Suffixing (Ada-iro-oða) — SVO: Proto-Buccan?
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Ðao-roi-daa) — OVS:
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Ðao-roi-daa) — SVO: Proto-Eridanic?
- Open, Afformative, Prefixing (Oða-iro-ada) — OVS:
- Open, Afformative, Prefixing (Oða-iro-ada) — SVO: Proto-Suddenese?
| Evolution of the Islandic Languages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language Family | Suffixing | Prefixing | ||||||
| Preformative | Afformative | Preformative | Afformative | |||||
| Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic | Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq | Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat | Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq | Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Aquan | Taqa-doqi-tataqo | Ataq-odiq-atatoq | Qata-qido-qotata | Aqat-iqod-oqatat | Tataqo-doqi-data | Atatoq-odiq-ataq | Qotata-qido-qata | Oqatat-iqod-aqat |
| Proto-Marine | Taá-doí-tataó | Atá-odí-atató | Áta-ído-ótata | Áat-íod-óatat | Tataó-doí-taá | Atató-odí-atá | Ótata-ído-áta | Óatat-íod-áat |
| Proto-Coastal-Islandic | Daá-roí-dadaó | Adá-orí-adadó? | Áda-íro-ódada | Áad-íor-óadad? | Dadaó-roí-daá | Adadó-orí-adá? | Ódada-íro-áda | Óadad-íor-áad? |
| Proto-Islandic | N/A | Adá-orí-aðó? | N/A | Áad-íor-óað? | N/A | Aðó-orí-adá? | N/A | Óað-íor-áad? |
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Ada-ori-aðo?) — OVS: Proto-Selkish?
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Ada-ori-aðo?) — SVO:
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Aad-ior-oað?) — OVS:
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Aad-ior-oað?) — SVO: Proto-Necrojan? Proto-Necrinthian?
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Aðo-ori-ada?) — OVS:
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Aðo-ori-ada?) — SVO: Proto-Cretan?
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Oað-ior-aad) — OVS:
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Oað-ior-aad) — SVO: Islandic Proto-Dwarfish
| Evolution of the Lacustrine Languages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language Family | Suffixing | Prefixing | ||||||
| Preformative | Afformative | Preformative | Afformative | |||||
| Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic | Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq | Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat | Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq | Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Aquan | Taqa-doqi-tataqo | Ataq-odiq-atatoq | Qata-qido-qotata | Aqat-iqod-oqatat | Tataqo-doqi-data | Atatoq-odiq-ataq | Qotata-qido-qata | Oqatat-iqod-aqat |
| Proto-Lacustrine-Riparian | Tahá-dowí-tatahó | Atáw-odíh-atatów | Háta-jído-wótata | Áhat-íwod-óhatat | Tatahó-dohí-tahá | Atatów-odíh-atáh | Wótata-hído-wáta | Óhatat-íwod-áhat |
| Proto-Lacustrine-Palustrine | Dahá-rowí-dadahó | Adáw-oríh-adadów? | Háda-híro-wódada | Áhad-íwor-óhadad? | Dadahó-rowí-dahá | Adadów-oríh-adáh? | Wódada-híro-wáda | Óhadad-íwor-áhad? |
| Proto-Lacustrine | Dahá-rowí-ðahó | N/A | Háda-híro-wóða | N/A | Ðahó-rowí-dahá | N/A | Wóða-híro-wáda | N/A |
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Daha-rowi-ðaho) — OVS: Proto-Limnadic
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Daha-rowi-ðaho) — SVO:
- Open, Afformative, Suffixing (Hada-hiro-woða) — OVS:
- Open, Afformative, Suffixing (Hada-hiro-woða) — SVO:
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Ðaho-rowi-daha) — OVS:
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Ðaho-rowi-daha) — SVO:
- Open, Afformative, Prefixing (Woða-hiro-wada) — OVS:
- Open, Afformative, Prefixing (Woða-hiro-wada) — OVS:
| Evolution of the Palustrine Languages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language Family | Suffixing | Prefixing | ||||||
| Preformative | Afformative | Preformative | Afformative | |||||
| Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic | Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq | Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat | Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq | Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Aquan | Taqa-doqi-tataqo | Ataq-odiq-atatoq | Qata-qido-qotata | Aqat-iqod-oqatat | Tataqo-doqi-data | Atatoq-odiq-ataq | Qotata-qido-qata | Oqatat-iqod-aqat |
| Proto-Lacustrine-Riparian | Tahá-dowí-tatahó | Atáw-odíh-atatów | Háta-jído-wótata | Áhat-íwod-óhatat | Tatahó-dohí-tahá | Atatów-odíh-atáh | Wótata-hído-wáta | Óhatat-íwod-áhat |
| Proto-Lacustrine-Palustrine | Dahá-rowí-dadahó | Adáw-oríh-adadów? | Háda-híro-wódada | Áhad-íwor-óhadad? | Dadahó-rowí-dahá | Adadów-oríh-adáh? | Wódada-híro-wáda | Óhadad-íwor-áhad? |
| Proto-Palustrine | N/A | Adáw-oríh-aðów? | N/A | Áhad-íwor-óhað? | N/A | Aðów-oríh-adáh? | N/A | Óhað-íwor-áhad? |
- Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Adaw-orih-aðow?) — OVS: Proto-Heleionomaic / Proto-Eleiomomaic
- Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Adaw-orih-aðow?) — SVO:
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Ahad-iwor-ohað?) — OVS:
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Ahad-iwor-ohað?) — SVO:
- Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Aðow-orih-adah?) — OVS:
- Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Aðow-orih-adah?) — SVO:
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Ohað-iwor-ahad?) — OVS:
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Ohað-iwor-ahad?) — SVO:
| Evolution of the Potamic Languages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language Family | Suffixing | Prefixing | ||||||
| Preformative | Afformative | Preformative | Afformative | |||||
| Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic | Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq | Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat | Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq | Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Aquan | Taqa-doqi-tataqo | Ataq-odiq-atatoq | Qata-qido-qotata | Aqat-iqod-oqatat | Tataqo-doqi-data | Atatoq-odiq-ataq | Qotata-qido-qata | Oqatat-iqod-aqat |
| Proto-Lacustrine-Riparian | Tahá-dojí-tatawó | Atáh-odíj-atatów | Háta-jído-wótata | Áhat-íjod-ówatat | Tatawó-dojí-tahá | Atatów-odíj-atáh | Wótata-jído-háta | Ówatat-íjod-áhat |
| Proto-Potamic-Riparian | Dhá-rjí-ddwó | Dáh-ríj-ddów? | Hád-jír-wódd | Áhd-íjr-ówdd? | Ddwó-rjí-dhá | Dów-ríj-dáh? | Wódd-jír-hád | Ówdd-íjr-áhd? |
| Proto-Potamic | N/A | Dáh-ríj-ðów? | N/A | Áhd-íjr-ówð? | N/A | Ðów-ríj-dáh? | N/A | Ówð-íjr-áhd? |
- Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Daw-rij-ðow?) — OVS: Proto-Potameidic
- Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Daw-rij-ðow?) — SVO:
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Ahd-ijr-owð?) — OVS: Proto-Kelpish?
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Ahd-ijr-owð?) — SVO:
- Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Ðow-rij-dah?) — OVS:
- Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Ðow-rij-dah?) — SVO: Proto-Padagnaic?
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Owð-ijr-ahd?) — OVS:
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Owð-ijr-ahd?) — SVO:
| Evolution of the Riparian Languages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language Family | Suffixing | Prefixing | ||||||
| Preformative | Afformative | Preformative | Afformative | |||||
| Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | Open | Closed | |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic | Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq | Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat | Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq | Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Aquan | Taqa-doqi-tataqo | Ataq-odiq-atatoq | Qata-qido-qotata | Aqat-iqod-oqatat | Tataqo-doqi-data | Atatoq-odiq-ataq | Qotata-qido-qata | Oqatat-iqod-aqat |
| Proto-Lacustrine-Riparian | Tahá-dojí-tatawó | Atáh-odíj-atatów | Háta-jído-wótata | Áhat-íjod-ówatat | Tatawó-dojí-tahá | Atatów-odíj-atáh | Wótata-jído-háta | Ówatat-íjod-áhat |
| Proto-Potamic-Riparian | Dhá-rjí-ddwó | Dáh-ríj-ddów? | Hád-jír-wódd | Áhd-íjr-ówdd? | Ddwó-rjí-dhá | Dów-ríj-dáh? | Wódd-jír-hád | Ówdd-íjr-áhd? |
| Proto-Riparian | Dhá-rjí-ðwó | N/A | Hád-jír-wóð | N/A | Ðwó-rjí-dhá | N/A | Wóð-jír-hád | N/A |
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Dha-rji-ðwo) — OVS: Proto-Naiadic
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Dha-rji-ðwo) — SVO: Proto-Riverelfish?
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Suffixing (Had-jir-woð) — OVS: Proto-Kelpish?
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Suffixing (Had-jir-woð) — SVO:
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Ðwo-rij-dha) — OVS:
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Ðwo-rij-dha) — SVO:
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Prefixing (Woð-jir-had) — OVS:
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Prefixing (Woð-jir-had) — OVS:
“Back-Vowel Voicing”
This refers to the voicing of consonants adjascent to shortened back-vowels.
Onset Voicing in Open-Syllable Dialects
This refers to the voicing of consonants before shortened back-vowels.
|
[p = /p/] > [p = /b/] /_[a] [p = /p/] > [p = /p/] /_[e] [p = /p/] > [p = /p/] /_[i] [p = /p/] > [p = /p/] /_[y] [p = /p/] > [p = /b/] /_[u] [p = /p/] > [p = /b/] /_[o] |
[p = /p/] > [p = /bβ/] /_[a]_[a] [p = /p/] > [p = /pɸ/] /_[e]_[e] [p = /p/] > [p = /pɸ/] /_[i]_[i] [p = /p/] > [p = /pɸ/] /_[y]_[y] [p = /p/] > [p = /bβ/] /_[u]_[u] [p = /p/] > [p = /bβ/] /_[o]_[o] |
|
[t = /t/] > [t = /d/] /_[a] [t = /t/] > [t = /t/] /_[e] [t = /t/] > [t = /t/] /_[i] [t = /t/] > [t = /t/] /_[y] [t = /t/] > [t = /d/] /_[u] [t = /t/] > [t = /d/] /_[o] |
[t = /t/] > [t = /dz/] /_[a]_[a] [t = /t/] > [t = /ts/] /_[e]_[e] [t = /t/] > [t = /ts/] /_[i]_[i] [t = /t/] > [t = /ts/] /_[y]_[y] [t = /t/] > [t = /dz/] /_[u]_[u] [t = /t/] > [t = /dz/] /_[o]_[o] |
|
[k = /k/] > [k = /g/] /_[a] [k = /k/] > [k = /k/] /_[e] [k = /k/] > [k = /k/] /_[i] [k = /k/] > [k = /k/] /_[y] [k = /k/] > [k = /g/] /_[u] [k = /k/] > [k = /g/] /_[o] |
[k = /k/] > [k = /gɣ/] /_[a]_[a] [k = /k/] > [k = /kx/] /_[e]_[e] [k = /k/] > [k = /kx/] /_[i]_[i] [k = /k/] > [k = /kx/] /_[y]_[y] [k = /k/] > [k = /gɣ/] /_[u]_[u] [k = /k/] > [k = /gɣ/] /_[o]_[o] |
|
q > ɦ /_[a] q > ʔ /_[e] q > ʔ /_[i] q > ʔ /_[y] q > ɦ /_[u] q > ɦ /_[o] |
“Further Lenition”: Sylvan-Agrarian Branch
This refers to the lenition of consonants adjascent to shortened vowels.
|
[t = /d/] > [t = /n/] /_[a] [t = /t/] > [t = /d/] /_[e] [t = /t/] > [t = /t/] /_[i] [t = /t/] > [t = /s/] /_[y] [t = /d/] > [t = /z/] /_[u] [t = /d/] > [t = /ɹ/] /_[o] |
[t = /dz/] > [t = /ɾ/] /_[a]_[a] > [tt = /l/] /_[a] [t = /ts/] > [t = /dz/] /_[e]_[e] > [tt = /ð/] /_[e] [t = /ts/] > [t = /ts/] /_[i]_[i] > [tt = /θ/] /_[i] [t = /ts/] > [t = /ts/] /_[y]_[y] > [tt = /ʃ/] /_[y] [t = /dz/] > [t = /dz/] /_[u]_[u] > [tt = /ʒ/] /_[u]_[u] [t = /dz/] > [t = /ɾ/] /_[o]_[o] > [tt = /r/] /_[o]_[o] |
|
[k = /g/] > [k = /ŋ] /_[a] [k = /k/] > [k = /g/] /_[e] [k = /k/] > [k = /k/] /_[i] [k = /k/] > [k = /x/] /_[y] [k = /g/] > [k = /ɣ/] /_[u] [k = /g/] > [k = /ʎ/] /_[o] |
[k = /gɣ/] > [] /_[a]_[a] [k = /kx/] > [] /_[e]_[e] [k = /kx/] > [] /_[i]_[i] [k = /kx/] > [] /_[y]_[y] [k = /gɣ/] > [] /_[u]_[u] [k = /gɣ/]> [] /_[o]_[o] |
|
q > ɦ /_[a] q > ʔ /_[e] q > ʔ /_[i] q > ʔ /_[y] q > ɦ /_[u] q > ɦ /_[o] |
Lenition specific to the Agrarian Branch
This is sometimes referred to as Nosaku’s Law (named for linguist Toraki Nosaku).
|
[p = /b/] > [p = /m/] /_[a] [p = /p/] > [p = /b/] /_[e] [p = /p/] > [p = /p/] /_[i] [p = /p/] > [p = /ɸ/] /_[y] [p = /b/] > [p = /β/] /_[u] [p = /b/] > [p = /w/] /_[o] |
[p = /bβ/] > [p = /b̆/] /_[a]_[a] > [pp = /w/] /_[a] [p = /pɸ/] > [p = bβ] /_[e]_[e] > [pp = /β/] /_[e] [p = /pɸ/] > [p = /pɸ/] /_[i]_[i] > [pp = /ɸ/] /_[i] [p = /pɸ/] > [p = /pɸ/] /_[y]_[y] > [pp = /ɸ/] /_[y] [p = /bβ/] > [p = bβ] /_[u]_[u] > [pp = /β/] /_[u] [p = /bβ/] > [p = /b̆/] /_[o]_[o] > [pp = /w/] /_[o] |
Lenition specific to the Sylvanic Branch
This is sometimes referred to as Loughty’s Law (named for linguist Orelia Loughty).
|
[p = /b/] > [p = /m/] /_[a] [p = /p/] > [p = /b/] /_[e] [p = /p/] > [p = /p/] /_[i] [p = /p/] > [p = /ɸ/] > [p = /f/] /_[y] [p = /b/] > [p = /β/] > [p = /v/] /_[u] [p = /b/] > [p = /w/] /_[o] |
[p = /bβ/] > [p = /b̆/] > [p = /ⱱ/] /_[a]_[a] > [pp = /ⱱ/] /_[a] [p = /pɸ/] > [p = bβ] > [p = /b̪v/] /_[e]_[e] > [pp = /v/] /_[e] [p = /pɸ/] > [p = /pɸ/] > [p = /p̪f/] /_[i]_[i] > [pp = /f/] /_[i] [p = /pɸ/] > [p = /pɸ/] > [p = /p̪f/] /_[y]_[y] > [pp = /f/] /_[y] [p = /bβ/] > [p = bβ] > [p = /b̪v/] /_[u]_[u] > [pp = /ⱱ/] /_[u] [p = /bβ/] > [p = /b̆/] > [p = /ⱱ/] /_[o]_[o] > [pp = /υ/] /_[o] |
“Further Lenition”: Montane-Nomadic Branch
This sometimes referred to as Dankworth’s Law (named for linguist Bud Dankworth).
|
[p = /b/] > [p = /m/] /[a]_ [p = /p/] > [p = /b/] /[e]_ [p = /p/] > [p = /p/] /[i]_ [p = /p/] > [p = /ɸ/] /[y]_ [p = /b/] > [p = /β/] /[u]_ [p = /b/] > [p = /w/] /[o]_ |
[p = /bβ/] > [p = /b̆/] /[a]_[a]_ > [pp = /w/] /[a]_ [p = /pɸ/] > [p = bβ] /[e]_[e]_ > [pp = /β/] /[e]_ [p = /pɸ/] > [p = /pɸ/] /[i]_[i]_ > [pp = /ɸ/] /[i]_ [p = /pɸ/] > [p = /pɸ/] /[y]_[y]_ > [pp = /ɸ/] /[y]_ [p = /bβ/] > [p = bβ] /[u]_[u]_ > [pp = /β/] /[u]_ [p = /bβ/] > [p = /b̆/] /[o]_[o]_ > [pp = /w/] /[o]_ |
|
[t = /d/] > [t = /n/] /[a]_ [t = /t/] > [t = /d/] /[e]_ [t = /t/] > [t = /t/] /[i]_ [t = /t/] > [t = /s/] /[y]_ [t = /d/] > [t = /z/] /[u]_ [t = /d/] > [t = /ɹ/] /[o]_ |
[t = /dz/] > [t = /ɾ/] /[a]_[a]_ > [tt = /l/] /[a]_ [t = /ts/] > [t = /dz/] /[e]_[e]_ > [tt = /ð/] /[e]_ [t = /ts/] > [t = /ts/] /[i]_[i]_ > [tt = /θ/] /[i]_ [t = /ts/] > [t = /ts/] /[y]_[y]_ > [tt = /ʃ/] /[y]_ [t = /dz/] > [t = /dz/] /[u]_[u]_ > [tt = /ʒ/] /[u]_[u]_ [t = /dz/] > [t = /ɾ/] /[o]_[o]_ > [tt = /r/] /[o]_[o]_ |
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[k = /g/] > [k = /ŋ] /[a]_ [k = /k/] > [k = /g/] /[e]_ [k = /k/] > [k = /k/] /[i]_ [k = /k/] > [k = /x/] /[y]_ [k = /g/] > [k = /ɣ/] /[u]_ [k = /g/] > [k = /ʎ/] /[o]_ |
[k = /gɣ/] > [] /[a]_[a]_ [k = /kx/] > [] /[e]_[e]_ [k = /kx/] > [] /[i]_[i]_ [k = /kx/] > [] /[y]_[y]_ [k = /gɣ/] > [] /[u]_[u]_ [k = /gɣ/]> [] /[o]_[o]_ |
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q > ɦ /[a]_ q > ʔ /[e]_ q > ʔ /[i]_ q > ʔ /[y]_ q > ɦ /[u]_ q > ɦ /[o]_ |
Changes specific to Ogrish Dialects
This is sometimes referred to as
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[t = /d/] > [t = /n/] /[a]_ [t = /t/] > [t = /d/] /[e]_ [t = /t/] > [t = /t/] /[i]_ [t = /t/] > [t = /s/] /[y]_ [t = /d/] > [t = /z/] /[u]_ [t = /d/] > [t = /ɹŋ/] /[o]_/ [t = /d/] > [t = /ŋɹ/] /[o]_V |
[t = /dz/] > [t = /ɾ/] /[a]_[a]_ > [tt = /ɹ/] /[a]_ [t = /ts/] > [t = /dz/] /[e]_[e]_ > [tt = /ð/] /[e]_ [t = /ts/] > [t = /ts/] /[i]_[i]_ > [tt = /θ/] /[i]_ [t = /ts/] > [t = /ts/] /[y]_[y]_ > [tt = /ʃ/] /[y]_ [t = /dz/] > [t = /dz/] /[u]_[u]_ > [tt = /ʒ/] /[u]_[u]_ [t = /dz/] > [t = /ɾ/] /[o]_[o]_ > [tt = /r/] /[o]_[o]_ |
Changes specific to Dwarfish Dialects
This is sometimes referred to as
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[t = /d/] > [t = /n/] /[a]_ [t = /t/] > [t = /d/] /[e]_ [t = /t/] > [t = /t/] /[i]_ [t = /t/] > [t = /s/] /[y]_ [t = /d/] > [t = /z/] /[u]_ [t = /d/] > [t = /ɹ/] /[o]_ |
[t = /dz/] > [t = /ɾ/] /[a]_[a]_ > [tt = /r/] /[a]_ [t = /ts/] > [t = /dz/] /[e]_[e]_ > [tt = /ð/] /[e]_ [t = /ts/] > [t = /ts/] /[i]_[i]_ > [tt = /θ/] /[i]_ [t = /ts/] > [t = /ts/] /[y]_[y]_ > [tt = /ʃ/] /[y]_ [t = /dz/] > [t = /dz/] /[u]_[u]_ > [tt = /ʒ/] /[u]_[u]_ [t = /dz/] > [t = /ɾ/] /[o]_[o]_ > [tt = /r/] /[o]_[o]_ |
“Round-Vowel Voicing”
This refers to the voicing of consonants adjascent to shortened round-vowels.
Onset Voicing in Open-Syllable Dialects
This refers to the voicing of consonants before shortened back-vowels.
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[p = /p/] > [p = /p/] /_[a] [p = /p/] > [p = /p/] /_[e] [p = /p/] > [p = /p/] /_[i] [p = /p/] > [p = /b/] /_[y] [p = /p/] > [p = /b/] /_[u] [p = /p/] > [p = /b/] /_[o] |
[p = /p/] > [p = /pɸ/] /_[a]_[a] [p = /p/] > [p = /pɸ/] /_[e]_[e] [p = /p/] > [p = /pɸ/] /_[i]_[i] [p = /p/] > [p = /bβ/] /_[y]_[y] [p = /p/] > [p = /bβ/] /_[u]_[u] [p = /p/] > [p = /bβ/] /_[o]_[o] |
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[t = /t/] > [t = /t/] /_[a] [t = /t/] > [t = /t/] /_[e] [t = /t/] > [t = /t/] /_[i] [t = /t/] > [t = /d/] /_[y] [t = /t/] > [t = /d/] /_[u] [t = /t/] > [t = /d/] /_[o] |
[t = /t/] > [t = /ts/] /_[a]_[a] [t = /t/] > [t = /ts/] /_[e]_[e] [t = /t/] > [t = /ts/] /_[i]_[i] [t = /t/] > [t = /dz/] /_[y]_[y] [t = /t/] > [t = /dz/] /_[u]_[u] [t = /t/] > [t = /dz/] /_[o]_[o] |
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[k = /k/] > [k = /k/] /_[a] [k = /k/] > [k = /k/] /_[e] [k = /k/] > [k = /k/] /_[i] [k = /k/] > [k = /g/] /_[y] [k = /k/] > [k = /g/] /_[u] [k = /k/] > [k = /g/] /_[o] |
[k = /k/] > [k = /kx/] /_[a]_[a] [k = /k/] > [k = /kx/] /_[e]_[e] [k = /k/] > [k = /kx/] /_[i]_[i] [k = /k/] > [k = /gɣ/] /_[y]_[y] [k = /k/] > [k = /gɣ/] /_[u]_[u] [k = /k/] > [k = /gɣ/] /_[o]_[o] |
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q > ʔ /_[a] q > ʔ /_[e] q > ʔ /_[i] q > ɦ /_[y] q > ɦ /_[u] q > ɦ /_[o] |
“Further Lenition”
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[p = /p/] > [p = /b/] /_[a] [p = /p/] > [p = /p/] /_[e] [p = /p/] > [p = /ɸ/] /_[i] [p = /b/] > [p = /β/] /_[y] [p = /b/] > [p = /m/] /_[u] [p = /b/] > [p = /w/] /_[o] |
[p = /pɸ/] > [p = /bβ/] /_[a]_[a] > [pp = /β/] /_[a] [p = /pɸ/] > [p = /pɸ/] /_[e]_[e] > [pp = /ɸ/] /_[e] [p = /pɸ/] > [p = /pɸ/] /_[i]_[i] > [pp = /ɸ/] /_[i] [p = /bβ/] > [p = /bβ/] /_[y]_[y] > [pp = /β/] /_[y] [p = /bβ/] > [p = /b̆/] /_[u]_[u] > [pp = /w/] /_[u] [p = /bβ/] > [p = /b̆/] /_[o]_[o] > [pp = /w/] /_[o] |
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[t = /t/] > [t = /d/] /_[a] [t = /t/] > [t = /t/] /_[e] [t = /t/] > [t = /s/] /_[i] [t = /d/] > [t = /z/] /_[y] [t = /d/] > [t = /n/] /_[u] [t = /d/] > [t = /ɹ/] /_[o] |
[t = /dz/] > [t = /dz/] /_[a]_[a] > [tt = /ð/] /_[a] [t = /ts/] > [t = /ts/] /_[e]_[e] > [tt = /θ/] /_[e] [t = /ts/] > [t = /ts/] /_[i]_[i] > [tt = /ʃ/] /_[i] [t = /ts/] > [t = /dz/] /_[y]_[y] > [tt = /ʒ/] /_[y] [t = /dz/] > [t = /ɾ/] /_[u]_[u] > [tt = /l/] /_[u]_[u] [t = /dz/] > [t = /ɾ/] /_[o]_[o] > [tt = /r/] /_[o]_[o] |
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[k = /k/] > [k = /g] /_[a] [k = /k/] > [k = /k/] /_[e] [k = /k/] > [k = /x/] /_[i] [k = /g/] > [k = /ɣ/] /_[y] [k = /g/] > [k = /ŋ/] /_[u] [k = /g/] > [k = /ʎ/] /_[o] |
[k = /kx/] > [] /_[a]_[a] [k = /kx/] > [] /_[e]_[e] [k = /kx/] > [] /_[i]_[i] [k = /gɣ/] > [] /_[y]_[y] [k = /gɣ/] > [] /_[u]_[u] [k = /gɣ/]> [] /_[o]_[o] |
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q > ɦ /_[a] q > ʔ /_[e] q > ʔ /_[i] q > ʔ /_[y] q > ɦ /_[u] q > ɦ /_[o] |
“Further Lenition”
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[t = /t/] > [t = /d/] /[a]_ [t = /t/] > [t = /t/] /[e]_ [t = /t/] > [t = /s/] /[i]_ [t = /d/] > [t = /z/] /[y]_ [t = /d/] > [t = /ɹ/] /[u]_ [t = /d/] > [t = /n/] /[o]_ |
[t = /dz/] > [t = /dz/] /[a]_[a]_ > [tt = /ð/] /[a]_ [t = /ts/] > [t = /ts/] /[e]_[e]_ > [tt = /θ/] /[e]_ [t = /ts/] > [t = /ts/] /[i]_[i]_ > [tt = /ʃ/] /[i]_ [t = /ts/] > [t = /ts/] /[y]_[y]_ > [tt = /ʒ/] /[y]_ [t = /dz/] > [t = /ɾ/] /[u]_[u]_ > [tt = /r/] /[u]_[u]_ [t = /dz/] > [t = /ɾ/] /[o]_[o]_ > [tt = /r/] /[o]_[o]_ |
