The Palæoboreanica

Introduction

III.b-3.) Nominal Vocality

Nouns have only five voices, a far simpler vocal paradigm than that of verbs. The BLANK voice typically indicates some sort of taxonym.

Receptive —

radalle / ɹadalle / — “That which is lit or brightened:”

Active —

radelle / ɹadɛlle / — “That which lights: a candle or lanthorn”

Descriptive —

radille / ɹadɪlle / — “That which is light / that which shines/radiates: a light”

Agentive —

radulle / ɹadʊlle / — “That which lights something[s]: a torch or splint”

Causative —

radolle / ɹadɔlle / — “That which causes [something[s]] to light: a flame”

III.b-4.) Nominal Number

Singular —

radille / ɹadɪlle / — “A light (unmarked); One light”

Dual —

radialle / ɹadɪalle / — “Two lights”

Trial —

radielle / ɹadɪɛlle / — “Three lights”

Paucal —

radiille / ɹadɪ:lle / — “Some lights”

Plural —

radiulle / ɹadɪʊlle / — “Many lights”

Mass —

radiolle / ɹadiʊlle / — “Light (referring to the non-quantifiable substance)”

Null singular —

radilŋe / ɹadɪlɲ^je / — “No light; No one light; Not one light”

Null dual —

radialŋe / ɹadɪalɲ^je / — “No two lights”

Null trial —

radielŋe / ɹadɪlɲ^je / — “No three lights”

Null plural —

radiilŋe / ɹadɪ:lɲ^je / — “No lights”

Paucal by null —

radiulŋe / ɹadɪʊlɲ^je / — “Not many lights”

Null mass —

radiolŋe / ɹadiʊlɲ^je / — “No light” (referring to the lack of non-quantified substance)

III.b-5.) Nominal Derivations

Zero —

Radille / ɹadɪlle / — Light

Diminutive —

Radip[p]ille / ɹadɪpɪlle / — Little light; point of light

Augmentative —

Radimbille / ɹadɪmbɪlle / — Great light

Abilitative —

Radibhlhille / ɹadɪvjɪlle / — That which is able to be light; lightable

Negative —

Radiŋille / ɹadɪŋɪlle / — That which is without light; lightless

Double Negative —

Radiŋilŋe / ɹadɪŋɪlɲ^je / — That which is without lightlessness; without darkness (or used ironically to mean dark or lightless)

Pejorative —

Radilgille / ɹadɪlgɪlle / — Fucking light

Repletive —

Radissille / ɹadɪsɪlle / — That which is full of light; lightful

Reflective —

Radic[c]ille / ɹadɪkɪlle / — Light-like (that which is light-like)

Zero —

Radille / ɹadɪlle / — Light

-able —

Radabhlhille / ɹadavjɪlle / —

-ability —

Radabhlhilli / ɹadavjɪlli / —

-aria, -ary —

Radarilli / ɹadarɪlli / —

-er, -or —

Raderellu / ɹadɛrɛllu / —

-ress, -rix —

Raderella / ɹadɛrɛlla / —

-ria, ry, eria, ery —

Raderilli / ɹadɛrɪlli / —

-iance —

Radialli / ɹadɪalli / — Radiance —

-ient —

Radiilli / ɹadilli / —

-ible —

Radibhlhille / ɹadɪvjɪlle / —

-ibility —

Radibhlhilli / ɹadɪvjɪlli / —

-ical —

Radic[c]alle / ɹadɪkalle / —

-ican —

Radic[c]alle / ɹadɪkalle / —

-icality —

Radic[c]alli / ɹadɪkalli / —

-ic —

Radic[c]ille / ɹadɪkɪlle / —

-icity —

Radic[c]illi / ɹadɪkɪlli / —

-icator —

Radic[c]urollu / ɹadɪkʊrɔllu / —

-acatrix —

Radic[c]urolla / ɹadɪkʊrɔlla / —

-icon —

Radic[c]olle / ɹadɪikɔlle / —

-ator —

Radurollu / ɹadʊrɔllu / —

-atrix —

Radurolla / ɹadʊrɔlla / —

-atoria, atory —

Radurolli / ɹadʊrɔlli / —

-ocution —

Radoclhulli / ɹadɔkjʊlli / —

-er, -or —

Radullu / ɹadʊllu / —

-ress, -rix —

Radulla / ɹadʊlla / —

III.b-6.) Nominal Derivational Vocality

Abilitative —

Radibhlhalle — That which is enabled to be light

—

Radibhlhelle — That which enables itself to be light

—

Radibhlhille — That which is able to be light; lightable

—

Radibhlhulle — That which enables something[s] to be light

— Radibhlholle — That which causes [something[s]] to be light-able

Abilitative —

Radic[c]alle —

—

Radic[c]elle —

—

Radic[c]ille — Light-like (that which is light-like)

—

Radic[c]ulle — That which concerns light or radiance;

—

Radic[c]olle — That which relates [something[s]] to light; that which refers to light

(Describe also in verbs in section immediately following verbal vocality / adjectives and adverbs following attributive modality)

III.b-7.) Nominal Derivations & Dual Numerality

Monosingular —

Radimbille — One of a great light

Bisingular —

Radimbialle — Two of a great light

Trisingular —

Radimbielle Three of a great light

Multisingular —

Radimbiille — A few of a great light

Polysingular —

Radimbiulle — Many of a great light

Omnisingular —

Radimbiolle — All of a great light

Monodual —

Radiambille — One of two great lights

Bidual —

Radiambialle — Two of two great lights

Tridual —

Radiambielle — Three of two great lights

Multidual —

Radiambiille — A few of two great lights

Polydual —

Radiambiulle — Many of two great lights

Omnidual —

Radiambiolle — All of two great lights

Monotrial —

Radiembille — One of three great lights

Bitrial —

Radiembialle — Two of three great lights

Tritrial —

Radiembielle — Three of three great lights

Multitrial —

Radiembiille — A few of three great lights

Polytrial —

Radiembiulle — Many of three great lights

Omnitrial —

Radiembiolle — All of three great lights

Monopaucal —

Radiimbille — One of a few great lights

Bipaucal —

Radiimbialle — Two of a few great lights

Tripaucal —

Radiimbielle — Three of a few great lights

Multipaucal —

Radiimbiille — A few of a few great lights

Polypaucal —

Radiimbiulle — Many of a few great lights

Omnipaucal —

Radiimbiolle — All of a few great lights

Monoplural —

Radiumbille — One of many great lights

Biplural —

Radiumbialle — Two of many great lights

Triplural —

Radiumbielle — Three of many great lights

Multiplural —

Radiumbiille — A few of many great lights

Polyplural —

Radiumbiulle — Many of many great lights

Omniplural —

Radiumbiolle — All of many great lights

Monomass —

Radiombille — A bit of the great light

Bimass —

Radiombialle — A fraction of the great light

Trimass —

Radiombielle — Some of the great light

Multimass —

Radiombiille — Much of the great light

Polymass —

Radiombiulle — Most of the great light

Omnimass —

Radiombiolle — All of the great light

III.b-8.) Case

The declination paradigm making up the case system of the Old Borean language is multi-tiered and complex. The language’s grammar divides them into two main categories: central declensions and peripheral declensions. These are further divided into seven distinct groups: primary central declensions, secondary central declensions, tertiary central declensions, quaternary central declensions, primary peripheral declensions, secondary peripheral declensions, and tertiary peripheral declensions.

III.b-8A.) Central Declensions

S.

III.b-8Aα.) Primary Central Declensions

Vocative —

Radilhe — Marks the addressee of a statement

Nominative —

Radille — Marks the subject of a verb

Objective —

Radinne — Marks the object of a verb

Subjunctive —

Radithe — Marks both the object of one clause and the subject of the next

III.b-8Aβ.) Secondary Central Declensions

Relative —

Radilmhe — What/which light

Interrogative —

Radilcmhe — What/which light [?]

Demonstrative —

Generic —

Radillhe — The light

Proximal —

Radillhea — This light

Medial —

Radillheu — That light

Distal —

Radillheo — Yon light

Quantifying —

Exclusive

Radilclhe Some light

Inclusive —

Radilplhe — Any light

Universal —

Radilpghe — Every light

Negative —

Radilnhe — No light

III.b-8Aγ.) Tertiary Central Declensions

Articulate —

Proprietary —

Radille — Light (represented by the so-called “zero article”)

Indefinite —

Radille — A light (used for any grammatical number; marked by “zero article”)

Definite —

Radillhe — The light

Partitive —

Radiollei — Some/any light

—

Radiolleii — Some light / a bit of light

—

Radiolleiu — Much light / a lot of light

Hypothetical

Generic —

Radillee — The light / a light / some/any light

Proximal —

Radillea — This light

Medial —

Radilleu — That light

Distal —

Radilleo — Yon light

III.b-8Aδ.) Quaternary Central Declensions

Ergative —

Radilles[si] — Marks the agent of a transitive, passive, or causative verb

Absolutive —

Radille — Marks the experiencer of an intransitive verb (by being left unmarked)

—

Radillet[ti] — Marks the patient of a passive verb

Indirective —

Radinnet[ti] — Marks the indirect object of a ditransitive verb

Reciprocative —

Radillest[i] — Marks the experiencer or patient if it is also the agent

III.b-8B.) Peripheral Declensions

S.

III.b-8Bα.) Primary Peripheral Declensions: Postpositional Case

Ubiquitous —

Radinlhepao — All around the light

—?

Radinlhepei — At / in the direction of the light

Proximal —

Radinlhepi — At/near the light

Persuant —

Radinlhepu — Upon/near the light

Distributive —

Radinlhepmhei — Per / for each of the light

Sublative —

Radinlheptua — To [the destination of] the light

Terminal —

Radinlheptue — Unto [the location of] the light

Posterior —

Radinlhepsa — Behind/after the light

Anterior —

Radinlheprai — In front of / before the light

Desiderative —

Radinlhepro — For the light

Causal —

Radinlhebaa — Because of the light

Purposive —

Radinlhebao — For reason of the light

Benefactive —

Radinlhebu — For the light

Prosecutive —

Radinlhembheu — Through way of the light

Illative —

Radinlhemtu — Into the light

Inessive —

Radinlhemni — In / inside the light

Diapedetive —

Radinlhemzu — Through the light

Aversive —

Radinlhephobaa — For fear of the light

—

Radinlhephlha —

Invocative —

Radinlhebhai — In the name of the light

Surpassive —

Radinlhebhei — [Going] by the light

Prolative —

Radinlhebhia — By way of the light

Instructive —

Radinlhebhie By means of the light

Instrumental —

Radinlhebhuu — Using the light

Causal-final —

Radinlhebhobaa For want of the light

Associative —

Radinlhemhai — With the light

Comitative —

Radinlhemhei — Together/in company with the light

Dative —

Radinlhettu — To the light

Lative —

Radinlhetto — To/into the light

Equative —

Radinlhetsa — As the light

Co-temporal —

Radinlhetsi — At the time of the light; as [of] the light

Essive —

Radinlhetsu — As long as the light; to the point that the light ends

Genitive —

Radinlhedda — Of/from the light

Delative —

Radinlhedsai — Off of the light

Sociative —

Radinlhenmhai — Together/companioned with the light

Translative —

Radinlhethu — To/into [being] the light

—?

Radinlhedha — From [being] the light

Abessive —

Radinlhenhai — Lacking the light

Elative —

Radinlhesaa — Out of the light

Delative —

Radinlhesdaa — Issued from the light

Ablative —

Radinlhesha — Off of the light

Possessive —

Radinlheca — Of the light

Dedative —

Radinlhecai — Relating to the light

Topical —

Radinlhecao — In the matter of the light

Respective —

Radinlhecei — Regarding the light

Affective —

Radinlhecu — To [or from the perspective of] the light

—?

Radinlhecta — From the outside of the light

Exterior —

Radinlhecti — Without / outside of the light

Excessive —

Radinlhectu — To the outside of the light

Post-temporal —

Radinlhecraa — After/eft the light

Temporal —

Radinlhecrai — At the time of the light

Pro-temporal

Radinlhecrau — Before/ere the light

Initiative —

Radinlhecrao — At the beginning of, and causal to, the light

Terminative —

Radinlhertu — Until the light

Superessive —

Radinlhehai — On/upon the light

—

Radinlhehei — Over the light

Adessive —

Radinlhehii — Atop/on top of the light

Allative —

Radinlhehui — Onto the light

III.b-8Bβ.) Secondary Peripheral Declensions

These declensions are applied either to the noun or the pronominal suffix of the verb, depending on whether the conjunction applies to the individual[s], or whether the conjunction applies to the action[s]. There is no conjunctive agreement between the agent of a verb and the verb’s pronominal suffix. If a pronoun is used to refer to a verb’s agent, and a conjunction is needed, the pronoun cannot simply be dropped, as it would be in most other cases, as inflecting the verb’s pronominal suffix with a conjunctive suffix would indicate that the conjunction applied to the verb rather than the pronoun.

Conjunctive suffixes should only be used when conjoining two nouns having the same relationship to a verb (“Jack and Jill went up the hill...”), two verbs having the same relationship to a noun (“Jack went up the hill and fetched a pail of water”), or both (“Jack and Jill went up the hill and fetched a pail of water”). Conventions for conjoining what might otherwise be separate sentences (“Jack went up the hill, and Jill fetched a pail of water”) are similar to the conventions used in English and most other languages. More specifically, the conjunctions used for this purpose are not conjunctive inflections, or any kind of inflection at all, but independent words — just as they are in English. These non-inflective conjunctions are not discussed in this section in any depth, but see particular conjunctions for more details.

Correlating conjunctive suffixes

— Radillhendmhei — Both the light [and...]

— Radillheldlhei — Either the light [or...]

— Radillhelnhei — Neither the light [nor...]

— Radillhelcmhei — Whether the light [or...]

— Radillhelnhi — Not the light [but...]

Coordinating conjunctive suffixes

— Radillhentmhai — And the light

— Radillheltlhai — Or the light

— Radillhelnhai — Nor the light

— Radillhentlhai — But the light

A correlating conjunctive suffix must always be placed on a word preceding a word inflected with a coordinating conjunctive suffix. For example, the form Dzaecillu Dzilillantmhai, literally, “Jack and Jill”, is completely unacceptable, while the form Dzaecillundmhei Dzilillantmhai, literally, “both Jack and Jill”, is the proper construction. Whenever two words are conjoined, each word must be inflected with a conjunctive suffix. It is important to stress that this applies only to correlating conjunctive suffixes and coordinating conjunctive suffixes, and not to subordinating conjunctive suffixes or particular conjunctions.

The same rules that apply to correlating conjunctive suffixes and coordinating conjunctive suffixes also apply to subordinating conjunctive suffixes, except that [1] subordinating conjunctive suffixes can only be applied to the pronominal suffixes of verbs, and [2] subordinating conjunctive suffixes are only applied to a single word.

Subordinating conjunctive suffixes

? Temporal subordinating conjunctive suffixes

— Radelaanenilletsai — Eft it shone; after it shone

— Radelaanenilletsui — Ere it shone; before it shone

— Radelaanenilletsei — Whilst it shone; whenas it shone

— Radelaanenilletsii — As it shone; while it shone

— Radelaanenilletsaa — Sith it shone; since it shone

— Radelaanenilletsuu — Till it shone; until it shone

? Causal subordinating conjunctive suffixes

— Radelaanenilledlhia — Because it shone

— Radelaanenilledlhaa — Sithence it shone

— Radelaanenilletsmhaa — Now that it shone

— Radelaanenilletslhaa — As/because it shone

— Radelaanenillebhlhoa — In order that it shone

— Radelaanenillebhlhoi — So [that] it shone

? Oppositional subordinating conjunctive suffixes

— Radelaanenillenlha — Although it shone

— Radelaanenillenlhai — Though it shone

— Radelaanenillenlhae — Even though it shone

— Radelaanenillentlhai — Whereas it shone

— Radelaanenilletslhai — While it shone

? Conditional subordinating conjunctive suffixes

— Radelaanenillephai — An it shone / if it shone

— Radelaanenillenhphai — Unless it shone

— Radelaanenillectmhai — Whether or not it shone

— Radelaanenillephlhai — Even if it shone

— Radelaanenillencmhai — In case it shone

— Radelaanenillephobaa — Lest it shone; for fear that it shone

III.b-8Bγ.) Tertiary Peripheral Declensions

Aversive — Radinnephobaa — For fear of the light

Causal — Radinnebaa — Because of the light

Purposive — Radinnebao — For reason of the light

Benefactive — Radinnebu — For the light