The Palæoboreanica
Root system
Root Construction
Introduction
III.b-9.) Verbal Vocality
Passive class —
- True passive — Radarenemillet — I am enshone/brightened [by something]
- Reciprocal — Radaarenemhiallest — We are enshone/brightened by one another
- Middle — Radaerenemillet —
- Mediopassive — Radairenemillet —
- — Radaurenemillet —
- Instrumental — Radaorenemillet —
Intransitive class
- True intransitive — Raderenemille — I shine/radiate
- Comitative — Radearenemille —
- — Radeerenemille —
- — Radeirenemille —
- Locative — Radeurenemille — I shine [on/onto/upon/at/&c] [something]
- Benefactive — Radeorenemille — I shine [for something]
- Stative class
- True stative — Radirenemille — I am bright/radical/radiating/splendorous
- — Radiarenemille —
- — Radierenemille —
- — Radiirenemille —
- — Radiurenemille —
- — Radiorenemille —
Transitive class
- Monotransitive — Radurenemilles — I enshine/bright [something]
- Reflexive — Raduarenemilles — I enshine/bright myself
- Trans-Reciprocal — Raduerenemhiallest — We both enshine/bright [one another]
- — Raduirenemilles —
- Ditransitive — Raduurenemilles — I enshine/bright [something] [to] [something]
- Dibenefactive — Raduorenemilles — I enshine/brighten [something] [for] [something]
Causative class
- True causative — Radorenemilles — I cause [something] to shine/radiate; I brighten or enlighten [something]
- Respective — Radoarenemilles — I shine/radiate [about] [something]
- Causal-Reciprocal — Radœrenemhiallest — We both enshine/brighten [one another]
- Causal — Radoirenemilles — I cause [something] to be bright/radical/radiating/splendorous
- Dicausative — Radourenemilles — I light [something] [to] [something]
- — Radoorenemilles —
Note that verbs rendered in voices belonging to the stative class — called stative verbs — indicate predicative adjectives by default. Attributive adjectives are indicated only by specific morphological alteration. For more information, see the section on attributive modality.
III.b-10.) Tense
Just as the concept of “tenses” the English language conflates time with aspect, tense in the Proto-Borean language represents a complex interaction between tensile aspect, modality, time, BLANK aspect, telicity, and predicative aspect.
III.b-10A.) Tensile Aspect
- Simple — Raderenemille — I learn/evolve
- Emphatic — Reneraderenemille — I do learn/evolve
- Perfect — Reneraderanemille — I have learnt/evolved
III.b-10B.) Modality
Modality in the Proto-Faerish language.
III.b-10Bα.) Narrative Modality
- Indicative — Radelenetille — Thou shinest
- Energetic — Radelehetille — Thou dost shine; thou certainly shinest
- Declarative — Radelebhetille — Thou shinest!
- Capacitative — Radelechetille — Thou canst shine
- — Radeledretille — Thou darest shine
- Requisitive — Radeleldetille — Thou needest shine
- Negative — Radelenhetille — Thou shinest not
- Oppositional — Radeledetille — Thou de-shinest; thou darkenest
- Subjunctive Radelmhenetithe That thou [wouldst/shouldst/might] shine
- Remotive Subjunctive — Radelmheunetille[phai] — [If] thou shone
III.b-10Bβ.) Alethic & Non-alethic Modality
- Alethic Narrative — Radelenetille — Thou shinest
- Non-Alethic Narrative — Radelenlhetille — Thou shinest [because I refuse to believe otherwise]
III.b-10Bγ.) Speculative Modality
- Hypothetical — Radelemlhetille — Thou might/may be shining
- Presumptive — Radelemmhetille — Thou might shine
- Tentative — Radelemhetille — Thou wouldst shine
- Tentative Eventive — Lecgheradelemhetille — Thou wouldst likely/probably shine
- Potential — Radelechmhetille — Thou couldst shine
- Potential Eventive — Lecgheradelechmhetille — Thou couldst probably/likely shine
- Conditional — Radeleshmhetille — Thou shouldst [in that case] shine
III.b-10Bδ.) Epistemic Modality
S.
III.b-10Bδ-α.) Summative Epistemic Modality
- Dubitative — Radelegnhetille — It is doubtful / not confirmed/proven that thou shinest
- Probabilitative — Radelecchetille — Thou dost possibly shine
- Superprobabilitative — Radelecghetille — Thou probably dost shine
- Hyperprobabilitative — Radelegghetille — Thou must shine (likelihood)
- Obligative — Radeleshlhetille — Thou shouldst/ought to shine (expectation)
- Reputative — Radeleldlhetille — Thou art supposed to shine; thou shinest [by reputation]
- Approximative — Radelenlhetille — Thou seemest to shine
- Deductive — Radelelclhetille — Thou must [therefore] shine (not a directive)
III.b-10Bδ-β.) Relative Epistemic Modality
- Sarcastic — Radeleghetille — Thou shinest [not] (spoken sardonically)
- Facetious — Radelemlhetille — Thou might shine (spoken playfully/teasingly)
- Infelicitous — Radelemdlhetille — I hear that thou shinest [and would like to know if this is true]
- Felicitous — Radelendlhetille — It is said [by a reputable source] that thou shinest
- Inferential — Radelendhlhetille — It is inferred [by some/someone] that thou shinest
- Admirative — Radelemghetille — Surprisingly [or to my surprise], thou shinest
- Confirmative — Radelegnetille — It is confirmed/proven that thou dost definitely shine
III.b-10Bε.) Sensory-Evidental Modality
- Aural Sensory — Radeledlhetille — I hear that thou shinest
- Cognitive Sensory — Radelegnlhetille — I figure that thou shinest
- Extrasensory — Radelepslhetille — I divine that thou shinest
- Generic Sensory — Radelemtlhetille — I sense that thou shinest
- Gnostic Sensory — Radelegnlhetille — I know that thou shinest
- Instinctive Sensory — Radelemnlhetille — I feel in my gut that thou shinest
- Olfactory Sensory — Radelestlhetille — I smell that thou shinest
- Savory Sensory — Radelesplhetille — I taste that thou shinest
- Tactile Sensory — Radelemplhetille — I feel that thou shinest
- Visual Sensory — Radelebhslhetille — I see that thou shinest
III.b-10Bζ.) Deontic Modality
S.
III.b-10Bζ-α.) Volitive Deontic Modality
- Desiderative — Radelembmhetille — Thou might shine (a hope or wish)
- Desiderative subj. — Radelmhembmhetille — Thou wouldst shine (a hope or wish)
- Imprecative — Radelembmhetille — Thou might shine (a curse or hex)
- Imprecative subj. — Radelmhembmhetille — Thou wouldst shine (a curse or hex)
- Commissive — Radeleshetille — Thou shalt shine (declaration; promise; guarantee)
- Hortative — Radeletslhemille — Let me shine
- Cohortative — Radeletslhemhialle — Let’s/let us shine
- Jussive — Radeletslhetille — Let thyself shine
- Optative — Radeletslhenille — Let it shine
III.b-10Bζ-β.) Directive Deontic Modality
- Permissive — Radelumblhetille — Thou mayest shine
- Prohibitive — Lenheradelumblhetille — Thou mayest not shine
- Suggestive — Radelmhunmhetille — Thou ought to shine
- Injunctive — Radelunshetille —
- Necessitative — Radelunshetille — Thou shalt shine (demand)
- Imperative — Radelulhetilhe — Shine, thou
III.b-10Bη.) Interrogative Modality
- Informal inquisitive — Radelecmhetille? — Thou shinest?
- Formal inquisitive — Lecmheradelenetille? — Dost thou shine?
- Precative — Lecmheradelemhetille? — Wouldst thou shine?
- Deliberative — Lecmheradelenmhetille? — Ought thou shine?
- Ejaculative — Lecmheradeleshmhemhialle? — Shall we shine?
- Conjunctive — Radelumhetille — Thou shalt shine (request)
III.b-10Bθ.) Attributive Modality
- Adjectival — Radiliniradille — Bright light
- Adverbial — Radiliniradelenetille — Thou shinest brightly
III.b-10C.) Time
The Proto-Boreans had a similar conception of time to that of the Aymara: they conceived of the past as being before them and the future as being behind them. Speakers of the Aymara language will even gesture in front of them to indicate the past (pacha nayra) and gesture behind them to indicate the future (pacha qhipa). This is sensible considering we can see the past but not the future. Additionally, the past seems to grow larger as we move through time, as though we were moving toward a destination the past. In order for the Standard European conception of time to work, with humans constantly moving toward the future, we would essentially have to be walking backward through time, with our backs to the future and our eyes to the past, allowing us to see more of the past as we move away from it. Either way, the European view of the past being somehow "behind" us and the future lying "before" us is exceedingly difficult to rationalize compared to the much more logical Proto-Borean and Aymara concepts of time.
- Immediate Past — Radelanenille — Just now it shone/radiated
- Hodiernal Past — Radelaanenille — Earlier it shone/radiated
- Recent Past — Radelaenenille — Recently it shone/radiated
- Pre-hodiernal — Radelainenille — Before today it shone/radiated
- Remote Past — Radelaunenille — A while ago it shone/radiated
- Distant Past — Radelaonenille — Back in the day, it shone/radiated
- Non-future — Radelinenille — It hither (until now) shone/radiated
- Remissive — Radelianenille — Since then [has] it shone/radiated
- — Radelienenille —
- — Radeliinenille —
- Residual — Radeliunenille — It still shines/radiates
- — Radelionemille —
- Present — Radelenenille — It shines/radiates
- — Radeleanenille —
- — Radeleenenille —
- — Radeleinenille —
- Remotive — Radeleunenille — [If; had; et cetera] it shone/radiated
- Immediate Future — Radeleonenille —
- Non-past — Radelunenille — It shines/radiates [as of this moment]
- Projective — Radeluanenille — Until then it will shine/radiate
- — Radeluenenille —
- — Radeluinenille —
- — Radeluunenille —
- — Radeluonenille —
- Immediate Future — Radelonenille — Now it will shine/radiate
- Hodiernal Future — Radeloanenille — Later it will shine/radiate
- Near Future — Radelœnemille — Soon/shortly it will shine/radiate
- Post-hodiernal — Radeloinenille — After today it will shine/radiate
- Remote Future — Radelounenille — One of these days it will shine/radiate
- Distant Future — Radeloonenille — Someday it will shine/radiate
III.b-10D.) Perfectivity
- Perfective — Radelenemille —
- Imperfective — Radessenemille —
- Positive — Radelenemille —
III.b-10E.) Telicity
- Atelic — Radelenenille — It shines/radiates
- Progressive — Radelrhenenille — It is shining/radiating
- Telic — Radelhhenenille — It shines brightly
III.b-10F.) Predicative Aspect
- Momentane — Radelenamille — I flash (sometimes known as the punctual predicative aspect)
- Semelfactive — Radelenaamille — I flash many times all at once; I flash many times “all in one swoop”
- Simulfactive — Radelenaamhiallea — We both flash at once; we both flash simultaneously
- Iterative — Radelenaemille — I shine/radiate/flash over and over again
- Repetitive — Radelenaimille — I repeatedly shine/radiate/flash; I strobe
- Experiential — Leneradelaunau- — [I] have shone/radiated before (dœs not work well in simple present)
- Habitual — Radelenaomille — I often shine/radiate; I am used to shining/radiating
- Usitative — Radelanaomille — I used to shine/radiate (past tense of the habitual predicative aspect)
- Indicative — Radelenemille — I shine/radiate [currently; at this general point in time]
- Conative — Radeleneamille — I try/attempt to shine/radiate
- Contrastive — Radeleneemille — I shine/radiate more brightly
- Alternative [1] — Radeleneimhialle — We shine one after another
- Alternative [2] — Radeleneimille — I shine/radiate [and [another verb]] in succession
- Distributive — Raduleneimille — I shine upon/lighten [some things] one by one (affects the plural noun)
- Perdurative — Radeleneumille — I shine/radiate for an unusually long duration
- Terminative — Radeleneomille — I finish shining/radiating; I completely and wholly/totally radiate/shine
- Incompletive — Lenheradeleneo- — [I] partially / incompletely radiate/shine; I do not finish shining/radiating
- Adjective — Radelenimille — I am shining/radiating (does not imply progressive tensile aspect)
- Apparentive — Radeleniamille — I appear to shine; I look shiny
- Comparative — Radeleniemille — I am shinier/more radiant
- Generic — Radeleniimille — I shine/radiate/standout; I am radiant/radical/tenacious/brilliant/bright
- Superlative — Radeleniumille — I am shiniest/brightest/most radiant
- Inchoative — Radeleniomille — I become shiny/radiant/radical/brilliant/bright
- Durative — Radelenumille — I shine/radiate for a time; I shine/radiate for [some span of time]
- Delimitative — Radelenuamille — I shine/radiate for a bit; I shine/radiate for a little while
- Pausative — Lenuaradelenhe- — [I], for a little while, do not shine/radiate
- Continuative — Radelenuemille — I keep shining/radiating; I continue to shine/radiate
- Cessative — Lenheradelenue- — [I] do not keep shining/radiating; I cease shining/radiating
- Perfective — Radelenuimille — I shine/radiate as/in synchronization with [event/occurrence + aspect]
- Protractive — Radelenuumille — I shine/radiate for an indefinitely long duration, possibly forever
- Superfective — Radelenuomille — I keep shining/radiating far after/further than the time/place to cease
- Inceptive — Radelenomille — I begin/start to shine/radiate
- Recessive — Lenoradelenhe- — [I] begin/start to not shine/radiate; I cease/stop shining/radiating
- Prospective — Radelenoamille — I am fixin’ to shine/radiate; I am going to radiate/shine
- Utilitative — Radelenœmille — I shine/radiate so there will be light for myself or others
- Intentional — Radelenoimille — I intentionally shine/radiate; I shine/radiate for a reason
- Accidental — Lenheradelenoi- — [I] accidentally shine/radiate [and call unwanted attention to myself?]
- Resumptive — Radelenoumille — I resume shining/radiating; I keep shining/radiating
- Excessive — Radelenoomille — I excessively shine/radiate; I shine/radiate too brightly