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Marine Languages
Copyright © 2004-2021 C.E. by D. Jon Scott
Main branching patterns
Marine subbranch
+Glottal Deconsonantalization |
Abyssal-Pelagic subbranch
+Further Lenition
+Vowel consonantalization |
Abyssal subbranch
(Closed Syllables) |
Pelagic subbranch
(Open syllables) |
Coastal-Islandic subbranch
+Further Lenition
+Synalœpha |
Coastal subbranch
(Open syllables) |
Islandic subbranch
(Closed syllables) |
Lacustrine-Riparian subbranch
+Glottal Assimilation |
Lacustrine-Palustrine subbranch
+Further Lenition
+Semivowel Reassimilation |
Lacustrine subbranch
(Open syllables) |
Palustrine subbranch
(Closed syllables) |
Riparian-Potamic subbranch
+Further Lenition
+Consonantal Vowel Deletion |
Potamic subbranch
(Closed syllables) |
Riparian subbranch
(Open syllables) |
| Evolution of the Abyssal Languages |
| Language Family |
Suffixing | Prefixing |
| Preformative | Afformative |
Preformative | Afformative |
| Open | Closed |
Open | Closed |
Open | Closed |
Open | Closed |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic |
Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq |
Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat |
Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq |
Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Aquan |
Taqa-doqi-tataqo | Ataq-odiq-atatoq |
Qata-qido-qotata | Aqat-iqod-oqatat |
Tataqo-doqi-data | Atatoq-odiq-ataq |
Qotata-qido-qata | Oqatat-iqod-aqat |
| Proto-Marine |
Taá-doí-tataó | Atá-odí-atató |
Áta-ído-ótata | Áat-íod-óatat |
Tataó-doí-taá | Atató-odí-atá |
Ótata-ído-áta | Óatat-íod-áat |
| Proto-Abyssal-Pelagic |
Dwá-rwí-ddwó | Wdá-wrí-wddó? |
Ádw-írw-óddw | Áwd-íwr-ówdd? |
Ddwó-rwí-dwá | Wddó-wrí-wdá? |
Ódada-íro-áda | Ówdd-íwr-áwd? |
| Proto-Abyssal |
N/A | Wdá-wrí-wðó? |
N/A | Áwd-íwr-ówð? |
N/A | Wðó-wrí-wdá? |
N/A | Ówð-íwr-áwd? |
- Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Wda-wri-wðo?) — OVS: Proto-Oceanidic? Proto-Pegaeaic? Proto-Crinaeaic?
- Closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Wda-wri-wðo?) — SVO:
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Awd-iwr-owð?) — OVS: Proto-(Sea-)Ortch? Proto-Fomorian?
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Awd-iwr-owð?) — SVO: Proto-(Sea-)Ortch? Proto-Fomorian?
- Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Wðo-wri-wda?) — OVS:
- Closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Wðo-wri-wda?) — SVO: Proto-Merrowine?
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Owð-iwr-awd?) — OVS:
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Owð-iwr-awd?) — SVO: Abyssal Proto-(Sea)Dwarfish
| Evolution of the Pelagic Languages |
| Language Family |
Suffixing | Prefixing |
| Preformative | Afformative |
Preformative | Afformative |
| Open | Closed |
Open | Closed |
Open | Closed |
Open | Closed |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic |
Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq |
Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat |
Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq |
Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Aquan |
Taqa-doqi-tataqo | Ataq-odiq-atatoq |
Qata-qido-qotata | Aqat-iqod-oqatat |
Tataqo-doqi-data | Atatoq-odiq-ataq |
Qotata-qido-qata | Oqatat-iqod-aqat |
| Proto-Marine |
Taá-doí-tataó | Atá-odí-atató |
Áta-ído-ótata | Áat-íod-óatat |
Tataó-doí-taá | Atató-odí-atá |
Ótata-ído-áta | Óatat-íod-áat |
| Proto-Abyssal-Pelagic |
Dwá-rwí-ddwó | Wdá-wrí-wddó? |
Ádw-írw-óddw | Áwd-íwr-ówdd? |
Ddwó-rwí-dwá | Wddó-wrí-wdá? |
Ódada-íro-áda | Ówdd-íwr-áwd? |
| Proto-Pelagic |
Dwá-rwí-ðwó | N/A |
Ádw-írw-óðw | N/A |
Ðwó-rwí-dwá | N/A |
Óðw-írw-ádw | N/A |
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Dwa-rwi-ðwo) — OVS: Proto-Nereidic, Proto-Oceanidic?
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Dwa-rwi-ðwo) — SVO: Proto-Sea-elfish
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Suffixing (Adw-irw-oðw) — OVS: Proto-Sirenic
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Suffixing (Adw-irw-oðw) — SVO: Dark Proto-Sea-elfish / Proto-Seadarkelfish
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Ðwo-rwi-dwa) — OVS: Proto-Tritonic
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Ðwo-rwi-dwa) — SVO: Proto-Merrowine
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Prefixing (Oðw-irw-adw) — OVS:
- Formerly-open, Afformative, Prefixing (Oðw-irw-adw) — SVO: Pelagic Proto-(Sea)Dwarfish
| Evolution of the Coastal Languages |
| Language Family |
Suffixing | Prefixing |
| Preformative | Afformative |
Preformative | Afformative |
| Open | Closed |
Open | Closed |
Open | Closed |
Open | Closed |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic |
Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq |
Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat |
Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq |
Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Aquan |
Taqa-doqi-tataqo | Ataq-odiq-atatoq |
Qata-qido-qotata | Aqat-iqod-oqatat |
Tataqo-doqi-data | Atatoq-odiq-ataq |
Qotata-qido-qata | Oqatat-iqod-aqat |
| Proto-Marine |
Taá-doí-tataó | Atá-odí-atató |
Áta-ído-ótata | Áat-íod-óatat |
Tataó-doí-taá | Atató-odí-atá |
Ótata-ído-áta | Óatat-íod-áat |
| Proto-Coastal-Islandic |
Daá-roí-dadaó | Adá-orí-adadó? |
Áda-íro-ódada | Áad-íor-óadad? |
Dadaó-roí-daá | Adadó-orí-adá? |
Ódada-íro-áda | Óadad-íor-áad? |
| Proto-Coastal |
Daá-roí-ðaó | N/A |
Áda-íro-óða | N/A |
Ðaó-roí-daá | N/A |
Óða-íro-áda | N/A |
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Daa-roi-ðao) — OVS: Proto-Morean?
- Open, Preformative, Suffixing (Daa-roi-ðao) — SVO: Proto-Illyrian?
- Open, Afformative, Suffixing (Ada-iro-oða) — OVS: Proto-Morganic?
- Open, Afformative, Suffixing (Ada-iro-oða) — SVO: Proto-Buccan?
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Ðao-roi-daa) — OVS:
- Open, Preformative, Prefixing (Ðao-roi-daa) — SVO: Proto-Eridanic?
- Open, Afformative, Prefixing (Oða-iro-ada) — OVS:
- Open, Afformative, Prefixing (Oða-iro-ada) — SVO: Proto-Suddenese?
| Evolution of the Islandic Languages |
| Language Family |
Suffixing | Prefixing |
| Preformative | Afformative |
Preformative | Afformative |
| Open | Closed |
Open | Closed |
Open | Closed |
Open | Closed |
| Proto-Palæoboreanic |
Taqa-toqi-tataqo | Ataq-otiq-atatoq |
Qata-qito-qotata | Aqat-iqot-oqatat |
Tataqo-toqi-taqa | Atatoq-otiq-ataq |
Qotata-qito-qata | Oqatat-iqot-aqat |
| Proto-Aquan |
Taqa-doqi-tataqo | Ataq-odiq-atatoq |
Qata-qido-qotata | Aqat-iqod-oqatat |
Tataqo-doqi-data | Atatoq-odiq-ataq |
Qotata-qido-qata | Oqatat-iqod-aqat |
| Proto-Marine |
Taá-doí-tataó | Atá-odí-atató |
Áta-ído-ótata | Áat-íod-óatat |
Tataó-doí-taá | Atató-odí-atá |
Ótata-ído-áta | Óatat-íod-áat |
| Proto-Coastal-Islandic |
Daá-roí-dadaó | Adá-orí-adadó? |
Áda-íro-ódada | Áad-íor-óadad? |
Dadaó-roí-daá | Adadó-orí-adá? |
Ódada-íro-áda | Óadad-íor-áad? |
| Proto-Islandic |
N/A | Adá-orí-aðó? |
N/A | Áad-íor-óað? |
N/A | Aðó-orí-adá? |
N/A | Óað-íor-áad? |
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Ada-ori-aðo?) — OVS: Proto-Selkish?
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Suffixing (Ada-ori-aðo?) — SVO:
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Aad-ior-oað?) — OVS:
- Closed, Afformative, Suffixing (Aad-ior-oað?) — SVO: Proto-Necrojan? Proto-Necrinthian?
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Aðo-ori-ada?) — OVS:
- Formerly-closed, Preformative, Prefixing (Aðo-ori-ada?) — SVO: Proto-Cretan?
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Oað-ior-aad) — OVS:
- Closed, Afformative, Prefixing (Oað-ior-aad) — SVO: Islandic Proto-Dwarfish
Grouped List
This is a list of the early Palaeoboreanic dialects.
- [Phase 1] Taqa-toqi-tataqo — OPS Proto-Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 1] Ataq-otiq-atatoq — CPS Proto-Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 1] Qata-qito-qotata — OAS Proto-Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 1] Aqat-iqot-oqatat — CAS Proto-Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 1] Tataqo-toqi-taqa — OPP Proto-Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 1] Atatoq-otiq-ataq — CPP Proto-Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 1] Qotata-qito-qata — OAP Proto-Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 1] Oqatat-iqot-aqat — CAP Proto-Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 2B] Taqa-doqi-tataqo — OPS Proto-Aquan Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 2B] Ataq-odiq-atatoq — CPS Proto-Aquan Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 2B] Qata-qido-qotata — OAS Proto-Aquan Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 2B] Aqat-iqod-oqatat — CAS Proto-Aquan Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 2B] Tataqo-doqi-taqa — OPP Proto-Aquan Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 2B] Atatoq-odiq-ataq — CPP Proto-Aquan Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 2B] Qotata-qido-qata — OAP Proto-Aquan Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 2B] Oqatat-iqod-aqat — CAP Proto-Aquan Palaeboreanic
- [Phase 3B1] Taa-doi-tatao — OPS Proto-Marine dialects: Proto-Neraidic; Proto-Oceanidic? Proto-Sea-elfish; Proto-Morean? Proto-Illyrian?
- [Phase 3B1] Ata-odi-atato — CPS Proto-Marine dialects: Proto-Oceanidic? Proto-Pegaeaic? Proto-Crinaeaic? Proto-Selkish?
- [Phase 3B1] Ata-ido-otata — OAS Proto-Marine dialects: Proto-Sirenic; Proto-Morganic? Proto-Buccan?
- [Phase 3B1] Aat-iod-oatat — CAS Proto-Marine dialects: Proto-Sea-Ortch? Proto-Fomorian? Proto-Necorjan? Proto-Necrinthian?
- [Phase 3B1] Tatao-doi-taa — OPP Proto-Marine dialects: Proto-Tritonic? Proto-Merrowine? Proto-Eridanic?
- [Phase 3B1] Atato-odi-ata — CPP Proto-Marine dialects: Proto-Merrowine? Proto-Cretan?
- [Phase 3B1] Otata-ido-ata — OAP Proto-Marine dialects: Pelagic Proto-Seadwarfish? Proto-Suddenese?
- [Phase 3B1] Oatat-iod-aat — CAP Proto-Marine dialects: Abyssal Proto-Seadawrfish? Islandic Proto-Dwarfish?
- [Phase 4B1a] Dwa-rwi-ddwo — OPS Proto-Abyssal-Pelagic dialects: Proto-Neraidic; Proto-Oceanidic? Proto-Sea-elfish
- [Phase 4B1a] Wda-wri-wddo — CPS Proto-Abyssal-Pelagic dialects: Proto-Oceanidic? Proto-Pegaeaic? Proto-Crinaeaic? Proto-Selkish?
- [Phase 4B1a] Adw-irw-oddw — OAS Proto-Abyssal-Pelagic dialects: Proto-Sirenic
- [Phase 4B1a] Awd-iwr-owdd — CAS Proto-Abyssal-Pelagic dialects: Proto-Sea-Ortch? Proto-Fomorian?
- [Phase 4B1a] Ddwo-rwi-dwa — OPP Proto-Abyssal-Pelagic dialects: Proto-Tritonic? Proto-Merrowine?
- [Phase 4B1a] Wddo-wri-wda — CPP Proto-Abyssal-Pelagic dialects: Proto-Merrowine?
- [Phase 4B1a] Oddw-irw-adw — OAP Proto-Abyssal-Pelagic dialects: Pelagic Proto-Seadwarfish?
- [Phase 4B1a] Owdd-iwr-awd — CAP Proto-Abyssal-Pelagic dialects: Abyssal Proto-Seadawrfish?
- [Phase 4B1b] Daa-roi-dadao — OPS Proto-Coastal-Islandic dialects: Proto-Morean? Proto-Illyrian?
- [Phase 4B1b] Ada-ori-adado — CPS Proto-Coastal-Islandic dialects: Proto-Selkish?
- [Phase 4B1b] Ada-iro-odada — OAS Proto-Coastal-Islandic dialects: Proto-Morganic? Proto-Buccan?
- [Phase 4B1b] Aad-ior-oadad — CAS Proto-Coastal-Islandic dialects: Proto-Necorjan? Proto-Necrinthian?
- [Phase 4B1b] Dadao-roi-daa — OPP Proto-Coastal-Islandic dialects: Proto-Eridanic?
- [Phase 4B1b] Adado-ori-ada — CPP Proto-Coastal-Islandic dialects: Proto-Cretan?
- [Phase 4B1b] Odada-iro-ada — OAP Proto-Coastal-Islandic dialects: Proto-Suddenese?
- [Phase 4B1b] Oadad-ior-aad — CAP Proto-Coastal-Islandic dialects: Islandic Proto-Dwarfish?
- [Phase 5B1a1] Wda-wri-wdho — CPS Proto-Abyssal dialects: Proto-Oceanidic? Proto-Pegaeaic? Proto-Crinaeaic?
- [Phase 5B1a1] Awd-iwr-owdh — CAS Proto-Abyssal dialects: Proto-Sea-Ortch? Proto-Formorian?
- [Phase 5B1a1] Wdho-wri-wda — CPP Proto-Abyssal dialects: Proto-Merrowine?
- [Phase 5B1a1] Owdh-iwr-awd — CAP Proto-Abyssal dialects: Abyssal Proto-Seadwarfish
- [Phase 5B1a2] Dwa-rwi-dhwo — OPS Proto-Pelagic dialects: Proto-Nereidic; Proto-Oceanidic? Proto-Sea-elfish?
- [Phase 5B1a2] Adw-irw-odhw — OAS Proto-Pelagic dialects: Proto-Sirenic; Dark Proto-Sea-elfish / Proto-Seadarkelfish
- [Phase 5B1a2] Dhwo-rwi-dwa — OPP Proto-Pelagic dialects: Proto-Tritonic; Proto-Merrowine
- [Phase 5B1a2] Odhw-irw-adw — OAP Proto-Pelagic dialects: Pelagic Proto-Seadwarfish
- [Phase 5B1b1] Daa-roi-dhao — OPS Proto-Coastal dialects: Proto-Morean? Proto-Illyrian?
- [Phase 5B1b1] Ada-iro-odha — OAS Proto-Coastal dialects: Proto-Morganic? Proto-Buccan?
- [Phase 5B1b1] Dhao-roi-daa — OPP Proto-Coastal dialects: Proto-Eridanic?
- [Phase 5B1b1] Odha-iro-ada — OAP Proto-Coastal dialects: Proto-Suddenese?
- [Phase 5B1b2] Ada-ori-adho — CPS Proto-Islandic dialects: Proto-Selkish?
- [Phase 5B1b2] Aad-ior-oadh — CAS Proto-Islandic dialects: Proto-Necorjan? Proto-Necrinthian?
- [Phase 5B1b2] Adho-ori-ada — CPP Proto-Islandic dialects: Proto-Cretan?
- [Phase 5B1b2] Oadh-ior-aad — CAP Proto-Islandic dialects: Islandic Proto-Dwarfish?
Morphological Overview
|
Open syllables
|
Preformative morphemes
|
Suffixing lexemes
|
OPS
OPP
OPH
OAS
OAP
OAH
OHS
OHP
OHH
|
OPS
OPP
OPH
CPS
CPP
CPH
HPS
HPP
HPH
|
OPS
OAS
OHS
CPS
CAS
CHS
HPS
HAS
HHS
|
|
Closed syllables
|
Afformative morphemes
|
Prefixing lexemes
|
CPS
CPP
CPH
CAS
CAP
CAH
CHS
CHP
CHH
|
OAS
OAP
OAH
CAS
CAP
CAH
HAS
HAP
HAH
|
OPP
OAP
OHP
CPP
CAP
CHP
HPP
HAP
HHP
|
|
Hybrid syllables
|
Hybrid morphemes
|
Hybrid affixation
|
CPS
HPP
HPH
HAS
HAP
HAH
HHS
HHP
HHH
|
OHS
OHP
OHH
CHS
CHP
CHH
HHS
HHP
HHH
|
OPH
OAH
OHH
CPH
CAH
CHH
HPH
HAH
HHH
|
Dialectical Overview
|
Open morphologies
|
Preformative morphologies
|
Suffixing morphologies
|
Object-Verb-Subject morphologies
|
OPS-OVS
OPS-SVO
OPS-HYB
OPP-OVS
OPP-SVO
OPP-HYB
OPH-OVS
OPH-SVO
OPH-HYB
OAS-OVS
OAS-SVO
OAS-HYB
OAP-OVS
OAP-SVO
OAP-HYB
OAH-OVS
OAH-SVO
OAH-HYB
OHS-OVS
OHS-SVO
OHS-HYB
OHP-OVS
OHP-SVO
OHP-HYB
OHH-OVS
OHH-SVO
OHH-HYB
|
OPS-OVS
OPS-SVO
OPS-HYB
OPP-OVS
OPP-SVO
OPP-HYB
OPH-OVS
OPH-SVO
OPH-HYB
CPS-OVS
CPS-SVO
CPS-HYB
CPP-OVS
CPP-SVO
CPP-HYB
CPH-OVS
CPH-SVO
CPH-HYB
HPS-OVS
HPS-SVO
HPS-HYB
HPP-OVS
HPP-SVO
HPP-HYB
HPH-OVS
HPH-SVO
HPH-HYB
|
OPS-OVS
OPS-SVO
OPS-HYB
OAS-OVS
OAS-SVO
OAS-HYB
OHS-OVS
OHS-SVO
OHS-HYB
CPS-OVS
CPS-SVO
CPS-HYB
CAS-OVS
CAS-SVO
CAS-HYB
CHS-OVS
CHS-SVO
CHS-HYB
HPS-OVS
HPS-SVO
HPS-HYB
HAS-OVS
HAS-SVO
HAS-HYB
HHS-OVS
HHS-SVO
HHS-HYB
|
OPS-OVS
OPP-OVS
OPH-OVS
OAS-OVS
OAP-OVS
OAH-OVS
OHS-OVS
OHP-OVS
OHH-OVS
CPS-OVS
CPP-OVS
CPH-OVS
CAS-OVS
CAP-OVS
CAH-OVS
CHS-OVS
CHP-OVS
CHH-OVS
HPS-OVS
HPP-OVS
HPH-OVS
HAS-OVS
HAP-OVS
HAH-OVS
HHS-OVS
HHP-OVS
HHH-OVS
|
|
Closed morphologies
|
Afformative morphologies
|
Prefixing morphologies
|
Subject-Verb-Object morphologies
|
CPS-OVS
CPS-SVO
CPS-HYB
CPP-OVS
CPP-SVO
CPP-HYB
CPH-OVS
CPH-SVO
CPH-HYB
CAS-OVS
CAS-SVO
CAS-HYB
CAP-OVS
CAP-SVO
CAP-HYB
CAH-OVS
CAH-SVO
CAH-HYB
CHS-OVS
CHS-SVO
CHS-HYB
CHP-OVS
CHP-SVO
CHP-HYB
CHH-OVS
CHH-SVO
CHH-HYB
|
OAS-OVS
OAS-SVO
OAS-HYB
OAP-OVS
OAP-SVO
OAP-HYB
OAH-OVS
OAH-SVO
OAH-HYB
CAS-OVS
CAS-SVO
CAS-HYB
CAP-OVS
CAP-SVO
CAP-HYB
CAH-OVS
CAH-SVO
CAH-HYB
HAS-OVS
HAS-SVO
HAS-HYB
HAP-OVS
HAP-SVO
HAP-HYB
HAH-OVS
HAH-SVO
HAH-HYB
|
OPP-OVS
OPP-SVO
OPP-HYB
OAP-OVS
OAP-SVO
OAP-HYB
OHP-OVS
OHP-SVO
OHP-HYB
CPP-OVS
CPP-SVO
CPP-HYB
CAP-OVS
CAP-SVO
CAP-HYB
CHP-OVS
CHP-SVO
CHP-HYB
HPP-OVS
HPP-SVO
HPP-HYB
HAP-OVS
HAP-SVO
HAP-HYB
HHP-OVS
HHP-SVO
HHP-HYB
|
OPS-SVO
OPP-SVO
OPH-SVO
OAS-SVO
OAP-SVO
OAH-SVO
OHS-SVO
OHP-SVO
OHH-SVO
CPS-SVO
CPP-SVO
CPH-SVO
CAS-SVO
CAP-SVO
CAH-SVO
CHS-SVO
CHP-SVO
CHH-SVO
HPS-SVO
HPP-SVO
HPH-SVO
HAS-SVO
HAP-SVO
HAH-SVO
HHS-SVO
HHP-SVO
HHH-SVO
|
|
O/C hybrid morphologies
|
P/A hybrid morphologies
|
S/P hybrid morphologies
|
OVS/SVO hybrid morphologies
|
HPS-OVS
HPS-SVO
HPS-HYB
HPP-OVS
HPP-SVO
HPP-HYB
HPH-OVS
HPH-SVO
HPH-HYB
HAS-OVS
HAS-SVO
HAS-HYB
HAP-OVS
HAP-SVO
HAP-HYB
HAH-OVS
HAH-SVO
HAH-HYB
HHS-OVS
HHS-SVO
HHS-HYB
HHP-OVS
HHP-SVO
HHP-HYB
HHH-OVS
HHH-SVO
HHH-HYB
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OHS-OVS
OHS-SVO
OHS-HYB
OHP-OVS
OHP-SVO
OHP-HYB
OHH-OVS
OHH-SVO
OHH-HYB
CHS-OVS
CHS-SVO
CHS-HYB
CHP-OVS
CHP-SVO
CHP-HYB
CHH-OVS
CHH-SVO
CHH-HYB
HHS-OVS
HHS-SVO
HHS-HYB
HHP-OVS
HHP-SVO
HHP-HYB
HHH-OVS
HHH-SVO
HHH-HYB
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OPH-OVS
OPH-SVO
OPH-HYB
OAH-OVS
OAH-SVO
OAH-HYB
OHH-OVS
OHH-SVO
OHH-HYB
CPH-OVS
CPH-SVO
CPH-HYB
CAH-OVS
CAH-SVO
CAH-HYB
CHH-OVS
CHH-SVO
CHH-HYB
HPH-OVS
HPH-SVO
HPH-HYB
HAH-OVS
HAH-SVO
HAH-HYB
HHH-OVS
HHH-SVO
HHH-HYB
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OPS-HYB
OPP-HYB
OPH-HYB
OAS-HYB
OAP-HYB
OAH-HYB
OHS-HYB
OHP-HYB
OHH-HYB
CPS-HYB
CPP-HYB
CPH-HYB
CAS-HYB
CAP-HYB
CAH-HYB
CHS-HYB
CHP-HYB
CHH-HYB
HPS-HYB
HPP-HYB
HPH-HYB
HAS-HYB
HAP-HYB
HAH-HYB
HHS-HYB
HHP-HYB
HHH-HYB
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Back-Vowel Voicing
This refers to a change that occured in numerous dialects of various morphologies. In some dialects, consonants adjascent to back vowels (a, u, o) were voiced. In other dialects, consonants adjascent to rounded vowels (y, u, o) were voiced.
Variant Group A: Onset Voicing in Open Dialects
In open dialects, the onsets of syllables with back vowels were voiced.
p > b /_[a]
p > b /_[u]
p > b /_[o]
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t > d /_[a]
t > d /_[u]
t > d /_[o]
t > ɾ /_[vowel]_[same vowel]
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k > g /_[a]
k > g /_[u]
k > g /_[o]
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q > ɦ /_[a]
q > ɦ /_[u]
q > ɦ /_[o]
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Da’a-do’i-rara’o
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: teqo-papequ-taqo-kitoqa taqi-taqiqo-teqi taqe-toqaqo-takikoqaqo kaqi-kiqi-papequ-tataqo
Transliteration 2: deqo-babequ-daqo-gidoqa daqi-daqiqo-deqi daqe-doqaqo-dagigoqaqo gaqi-giqi-babequ-dadaqo
Pronunciation: teɦo-bapeɦu-daɦo-kidoɦa daʔi-daʔiɦo-deʔi daʔe-doɦaɦo-dakigoɦaɦo-gaʔi-kiʔi-bapeɦu-ɾaɾaɦo
Transcription: te’o-bape’u-da’o-kido’a da’i-da’i’o-de’i da’e-do’a’o-dakigo’a’o-ga’i-ki’i-bape’u-rara’o
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Da’a-do’i-rara’o
Open, preformative, suffixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: kaqi-kiqi-papequ-tataqo taqe-toqaqo-takikoqaqo taqi-taqiqo-teqi teqo-papequ-taqo-kitoqa
Transliteration 2: gaqi-giqi-babequ-dadaqo daqe-doqaqo-dagigoqaqo daqi-daqiqo-deqi deqo-babequ-daqo-gidoqa
Pronunciation: gaʔi-kiʔi-bapeɦu-ɾaɾaɦo daʔe-doɦaɦo-dakigoɦaɦo daʔi-daʔiɦo-deʔi teɦo-bapeɦu-daɦo-kidoɦa
Transcription: ga’i-ki’i-bape’u-rara’o da’e-do’a’o-dakigo’a’o da’i-da’i’o-de’i te’o-bape’u-da’o-kido’a
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
’Ada-’ido-’orara
Open, afformative, suffixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: qote-qupepa-qota-qatoki qita-qoqita-qite qeta-qoqato-qoqakokita qika-qiki-qupepa-qotata
Transliteration 2: qode-qubeba-qoda-qadogi qida-qoqida-qide qeda-qoqado-qoqagogida qiga-qigi-qubeba-qodada
Pronunciation: ɦote-ɦupeba-ɦoda-ɦadoki ʔida-ɦoʔida-ʔite ʔeda-ɦoɦado-ɦoɦagokida ʔiga-ʔiki-ɦupeba-ɦoɾaɾa
Transcription: ’ote-’upeba-’oda-’adoki ’ida-’o’ida-’ide ’eda-’o’ado-’o’agokida ’iga-’iki-’upeba-’orara
Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
’Ada-’ido-’orara
Open, afformative, suffixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: qika-qiki-qupepa-qotata qeta-qoqato-qoqakokita qita-qoqita-qite qote-qupepa-qota-qatoki
Transliteration 2: qiga-qigi-qubeba-qodada qeda-qoqado-qoqagogida qida-qoqida-qide qode-qubeba-qoda-qadogi
Pronunciation: ʔiga-ʔiki-ɦupeba-ɦoɾaɾa ʔeda-ɦoɦado-ɦoɦagokida ʔida-ɦoʔida-ʔite ɦote-ɦupeba-ɦoda-ɦadoki
Transcription: ’iga-’iki-’upeba-’orara ’eda-’o’ado-’o’agokida ’ida-’o’ida-’ide ’ote-’upeba-’oda-’adoki
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Rara’o-do’i-da’a
Open, preformative, prefixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: kitoqa-taqo-papequ-teqo teqi-taqiqo-taqi takikoqaqo-toqaqo-taqe tataqo-pepequ-kiqi-kaqi
Transliteration 2: gidoqa-daqo-babequ-deqo deqi-daqiqo-daqi dagigoqaqo-doqaqo-daqe dadaqo-bebequ-giqi-gaqi
Pronunciation: kidoɦa-daɦo-bapeɦu-teɦo deʔi-daʔiqo-daʔi dakigoɦaɦo-doɦaɦo-daʔe ɾaɾaɦo-pepeɦu-kiʔi-gaʔi
Transcription: kido’a-da’o-bape’u-te’o de’i-da’i’o-da’i dakigo’a’o-do’a’o-da’e rara’o-bepe’u-ki’i-ga’i
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Rara’o-do’i-da’a
Open, preformative, prefixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: tataqo-pepequ-kiqi-kaqi takikoqaqo-toqaqo-taqe teqi-taqiqo-taqi kitoqa-taqo-papequ-teqo
Transliteration 2: dadaqo-bebequ-giqi-gaqi dagigoqaqo-doqaqo-daqe deqi-daqiqo-daqi gidoqa-daqo-babequ-deqo
Pronunciation: ɾaɾaɦo-bepeɦu-kiʔi-gaʔi dakigoɦaɦo-doɦaɦo-daʔe teʔi-daʔiɦo-daʔi kidoɦa-daɦo-bapeɦu-teɦo
Transcription: rara’o-bepe’u-ki’i-ga’i dakigo’a’o-do’a’o-da’e de’i-da’i’o-da’i kido’a-da’o-bape’u-te’o
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
’Orara-’ido-’ada
Open, afformative, prefixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: qatoki-qota-qupepa-qote qite-qoqita-qita qoqakokita-qoqato-qeta qotata-qupepa-qiki-qika
Transliteration 2: qadogi-qoda-qubeba-qode qide-qoqida-qida qoqagogida-qoqado-qeda qodada-qubeba-qigi-qiga
Pronunciation: ɦadoki-ɦoda-ɦupeba-ɦote ʔite-ɦoʔida-ʔida ɦoɦagokida-ɦoɦado-ʔeda ɦoɾaɾa-ɦupeba-ʔiki-ʔiga
Transcription: ’adoki-’oda-’upeba-’ote ’ite-’oʔida-’ida ’o’agokida-’o’ado-’eda ’orara-’upeba-’iki-’iga
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
’Orara-’ido-’ada
Open, afformative, prefixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: qotata-qupepa-qiki-qika qoqakokita-qoqato-qeta qite-qoqita-qita qatoki-qota-qupepa-qote
Transliteration 2: qodada-qubeba-qigi-qiga qoqagogida-qoqado-qeda qide-qoqida-qida qadogi-qoda-qubeba-qode
Pronunciation: ɦoɾaɾa-ɦupeba-ʔiki-ʔiga ɦoɦagokida-ɦoɦado-ʔeda ʔite-ɦoʔida-ʔida ɦadoki-ɦoda-ɦupeba-ɦote
Pronunciation: ’oɾaɾa-’upeba-’iki-’iga ’o’agokida-’o’ado-’eda ’ite-’o’ida-’ida ’adoki-’oda-’upeba-’ote
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Variant Group B: Codal Voicing in Closed Dialects
In closed dialects, the codas of syllables with back vowels were voiced.
p > b /[a]_
p > b /[u]_
p > b /[o]_
|
t > d /[a]_
t > d /[u]_
t > d /[o]_
t > ɾ /[vowel]_[same vowel]_
|
k > g /[a]_
k > g /[u]_
k > g /[o]_
|
q > ɦ /[a]_
q > ɦ /[u]_
q > ɦ /[o]_
|
Ada’-odi’-araro’
Closed, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: etoq-apepuq-atoq-ikotaq atiq-atiqoq-etiq ateq-otaqoq-atikokaqoq atiq-ikiq-apepuq-atatoq
Transliteration 2: edoq-abebuq-adoq-igodaq adiq-adiqoq-ediq adeq-odaqoq-adigogaqoq agiq-igiq-abebuq-adadoq
Pronunciation: etoɦ-abepuɦ-adoɦ-ikodaɦ adiʔ-adiʔoɦ-etiʔ adeʔ-odaɦoɦ-adikogaɦoɦ agiʔ-ikiʔ-abepuɦ-aɾaɾoɦ
Transcription: eto’-abepu’-ado’-ikoda’ adi’-adi’o’-eti’ ade’-oda’o’-adikoga’o’ agi’-iki’-abepu’-araro’
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Ada’-odi’-araro’
Closed, preformative, suffixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: atiq-ikiq-apepuq-atatoq ateq-otaqoq-atikokaqoq atiq-atiqoq-etiq etoq-apepuq-atoq-ikotaq
Transliteration 2: agiq-igiq-abebuq-adadoq adeq-odaqoq-adigogaqoq adiq-adiqoq-ediq edoq-abebuq-adoq-igodaq
Pronunciation: agiʔ-ikiʔ-abepuɦ-aɾaɾoɦ adeʔ-odaɦoɦ-adikogaɦoɦ adiʔ-adiqoɦ-etiʔ etoɦ-abepuɦ-adoɦ-ikodaɦ
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
A’ad-i’od-o’arar
Closed, afformative, suffixing, OVS
Transliteration: oqet-uqepap-oqat-aqotik iqat-oqiqat-iqet eqat-oqaqot-oqaqokikat iqat-iqik-uqepap-oqatat
Transliteration: oqed-uqebab-oqad-aqodig iqad-oqiqad-iqed eqad-oqaqod-oqaqogigad iqad-iqig-uqebab-oqadad
Pronunciation: oɦet-uɦepab-oɦad-aɦodik iʔad-oɦiʔad-iʔet eʔad-oɦaɦod-oɦaɦogikad iʔag-iʔik-uɦepab-oɦaɾaɾ
Pronunciation: o’et-u’epab-o’ad-a’odik i’ad-o’i’ad-i’et e’ad-o’a’od-o’a’ogikad i’ag-i’ik-u’epab-o’arar
Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
A’ad-i’od-o’arar
Closed, afformative, suffixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: iqak-iqik-uqepap-oqatat eqat-oqaqot-oqaqogikad iqad-oqiqad-iqed oqet-uqeqab-oqad-aqodik
Transliteration 2: iqag-iqig-uqebab-oqadad eqad-oqaqod-oqaqogigad iqad-oqiqad-iqed oqed-uqebab-oqad-aqodig
Pronunciation: iʔag-iʔik-uɦepab-oɦaɾaɾ eʔad-oɦaɦod-oɦaɦogikad iʔad-oɦiʔad-iʔet oɦet-uɦeʔab-oɦad-aɦodik
Pronunciation: i’ag-i’ik-u’epab-o’arar e’ad-o’a’od-o’a’ogikad i’ad-o’i’ad-i’et o’et-u’e’ab-o’ad-a’odik
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Araro’-odi’-ada’
Closed, preformative, prefixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: ikotaq-atoq-apepuq-etoq etiq-atiqoq-atiq atikokaqoq-otaqoq-ateq atatoq-etapuq-ikiq-akiq
Transliteration: igodaq-adoq-abebuq-edoq ediq-adiqoq-adiq adigogaqoq-odaqoq-adeq adadoq-edabuq-igiq-agiq
Pronunciation: ikodaɦ-adoɦ-abepuɦ-etoɦ etiʔ-adiqoɦ-adiʔ adikogaɦoɦ-odaɦoɦ-adeʔ aɾaɾoɦ-edepuɦ-ikiʔ-agiʔ
Transcription: ikoda’-ado’-abepu’-eto’ eti’-adiqo’-adi’ adikoga’o’-oda’o’-ade’ araro’-edepu’-iki’-agi’
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Araro’-odi’-ada’
Closed, preformative, prefixing, SVO
Transliteration: atatoq-epepuq-ikiq-akiq atikokaqoq-otaqoq-ateq etiq-atiqoq-atiq ikotaq-atoq-atepuq-etoq
Transliteration: adadoq-ebebuq-igiq-agiq adigogaqoq-odaqoq-adeq ediq-adiqoq-adiq igodaq-adoq-adepuq-edoq
Pronunciation: aɾaɾoɦ-ebepuɦ-ikiʔ-agiʔ adikogaɦoɦ-odaɦoɦ-adeʔ etiʔ-adiqoɦ-adiʔ ikodaɦ-adoɦ-adepuɦ-etoɦ
Transcription: araro’-ebepu’-iki’-agi’ adikoga’o’-oda’o’-ade’ eti’-adiqo’-adi’ ikoda’-ado’-adepu’-eto’
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
O’arar-i’od-a’ad
Closed, afformative, prefixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: aqotik-oqat-uqepap-oqet iqet-oqiqat-iqat oqaqokikat-oqaqot-eqat oqatat-uqepap-iqik-iqak
Transliteration 2: aqodig-oqad-uqebab-oqed iqed-oqiqad-iqad oqaqogigad-oqaqod-eqad oqadad-uqebab-iqig-iqag
Pronunciation: aɦodik-oɦad-uɦepab-oɦet iʔet-oɦiʔad-iʔad oɦaɦogikad-oɦaɦod-eqad oɦaɾaɾ-uɦepab-iʔik-iʔag
Transcription: a’odik-o’ad-u’epab-o’et i’et-o’i’ad-i’ad o’a’ogikad-o’a’od-eqad o’arar-u’epab-i’ik-i’ag
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
O’arar-i’od-a’ad
Closed, afformative, prefixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: oqatat-uqepap-iqik-iqak oqaqokikat-oqaqot-eqat iqet-oqiqat-iqat aqotik-oqat-uqepap-oqet
Transliteration 2: oqadad-uqebab-iqig-iqag oqaqogigad-oqaqod-eqad iqed-oqiqad-iqad aqodig-oqad-uqebab-oqed
Pronunciation: oɦaɾaɾ-uɦepab-iʔik-iʔag oɦaɦogikad-oɦaɦod-eʔad iʔet-oɦiʔad-iʔad aɦodik-oɦad-uɦepab-oɦet
Transcription: o’arar-u’epab-i’ik-iʔag o’a’ogikad-o’a’od-e’ad i’et-o’i’ad-i’ad a’odik-o’ad-u’epab-o’et
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
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