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Montaine-Sylvan LanguagesCopyright © 2004-2022 C.E. by Dustin Jon ScottBack-Vowel Voicing
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b > m /_[a] p > b /_[e] p > ɸ /_[y] b > β /_[u] b > w /_[o] |
d > n /_[a] t > d /_[e] t > s /_[y] n > z /_[u] n > ɹ /_[o] ɾ > ɾ /_[vowel]_[same vowel] |
g > ŋ /_[a] k > g /_[e] k > x /_[y] g > ɣ /_[u] g > ʎ /_[o] |
Na’a-ro’i-rara’o
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: teqo-papequ-taqo-kitoqa taqi-taqiqo-teqi taqe-toqaqo-takikoqaqo kaqi-kiqi-papequ-tataqo
Transliteration 2: deqo-babequ-daqo-gidoqa daqi-daqiqo-deqi daqe-doqaqo-dagigoqaqo gaqi-giqi-babequ-dadaqo
Pronunciation: // dĕ.o // mabĕ.u // nă.o // kiɹŏ.a // nă.i // nă.ĭ.o // dĕ.i // nă.e // ɹŏ.ă.o // nakiʎŏ.ă.o // ŋă.i // kĭ.i // mabĕ.u // ɾăɾă.o
Transcription: deó-mabeú-naó-kiroá naí-naíó-deí naé-roáó-nakijoáó-ŋaí-kií-mabeú-raraó
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Na’a-ro’i-rara’o
Open, preformative, suffixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: kaqi-kiqi-papequ-tataqo taqe-toqaqo-takikoqaqo taqi-taqiqo-teqi teqo-papequ-taqo-kitoqa
Transliteration 2: gaqi-giqi-babequ-dadaqo daqe-doqaqo-dagigoqaqo daqi-daqiqo-deqi deqo-babequ-daqo-gidoqa
Pronunciation: ŋa.i-ki.i-mabe.u-ɾaɾa.o na.e-ɹo.a.o-nakiʎo.a.o na.i-na.i.o-de.i de.o-mabe.u-na.o-kiɹo.a
Transcription: ŋa’i-ki’i-mabe’u-rara’o na’e-ro’a’o-nakijo’a’o na’i-na’i’o-de’i de’o-mabe’u-na’o-kiro’a
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
’Ana-’iro-’orara
Open, afformative, suffixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: qote-qupepa-qota-qatoki qita-qoqita-qite qeta-qoqato-qoqakokita qika-qiki-qupepa-qotata
Transliteration 2: qode-qubeba-qoda-qadogi qida-qoqida-qide qeda-qoqado-qoqagogida qiga-qigi-qubeba-qodada
Pronunciation: ode-ubema-ona-aɹoki ina-o.ina-ide ena-o.aɹo-o.aʎokina iŋa-iki-ubema-oɾaɾa
Transcription: ’ode-’ubema-’ona-’aroki ’ina-’o’ina-’ide ’ena-’o’aro-’o’aʎokina ’iŋa-’iki-’ubema-’orara
Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
’Ana-’iro-’orara
Open, afformative, suffixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: qika-qiki-qupepa-qotata qeta-qoqato-qoqakokita qita-qoqita-qite qote-qupepa-qota-qatoki
Transliteration 2: qiga-qigi-qubeba-qodada qeda-qoqado-qoqagogida qida-qoqida-qide qode-qubeba-qoda-qadogi
Pronunciation: iŋa-iki-ubema-oɾaɾa ena-o.aɹo-o.aʎokina ina-o.ina-ide ode-ubema-oda-aɹoki
Transcription: ’iŋa-’iki-’ubema-’orara ’ena-’o’aro-’o’ajokina ’ina-’o’ina-’ide ’ode-’ubema-’ona-’aroki
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Rara’o-ro’i-na’a
Open, preformative, prefixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: kitoqa-taqo-papequ-teqo teqi-taqiqo-taqi takikoqaqo-toqaqo-taqe tataqo-pepequ-kiqi-kaqi
Transliteration 2: gidoqa-daqo-babequ-deqo deqi-daqiqo-daqi dagigoqaqo-doqaqo-daqe dadaqo-bebequ-giqi-gaqi
Pronunciation: kiɹo.a-na.o-mabe.u-de.o de.i-na.i.o-da.i nakiʎo.a.o-ɹ'o.a.o-na.e ɾaɾaɦo-bebeɦu-ki.i-ŋa.i
Transcription: kiro’a-na’o-mabe’u-de’o de’i-na’i’o-na’i nakijo’a’o-ro’a’o-na’e rara’o-mabe’u-ki’i-ŋa’i
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Rara’o-ro’i-na’a
Open, preformative, prefixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: tataqo-pepequ-kiqi-kaqi takikoqaqo-toqaqo-taqe teqi-taqiqo-taqi kitoqa-taqo-papequ-teqo
Transliteration 2: dadaqo-bebequ-giqi-gaqi dagigoqaqo-doqaqo-daqe deqi-daqiqo-daqi gidoqa-daqo-babequ-deqo
Pronunciation: ɾaɾa.o-mabe.u-ki.i-ŋa.i nakiʎo.a.o-ɹo.a.o-na.e de.i-na.i.o-naʔi kiʎo.a-na.o-mabe.u-de.o
Transcription: rara’o-mabe’u-ki’i-ŋa’i nakijo’a’o-ro’a’o-da’e de’i-da’i’o-da’i kido’a-da’o-bape’u-te’o
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
’Orara-’iro-’ana
Open, afformative, prefixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: qatoki-qota-qupepa-qote qite-qoqita-qita qoqakokita-qoqato-qeta qotata-qupepa-qiki-qika
Transliteration 2: qadogi-qoda-qubeba-qode qide-qoqida-qida qoqagogida-qoqado-qeda qodada-qubeba-qigi-qiga
Pronunciation: aɹoki-ona-ubema-ode ide-o.ina-ina o.aɹokina-o.aɹo-ena oɾaɾa-ubema-iki-iŋa
Transcription: ’aroki-’ona-’ubema-’ode ’ide-’oʔina-’ina ’o’ajokina-’o’aro-’ena ’orara-’ubema-’iki-’iŋa
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
’Orara-’iro-’ana
Open, afformative, prefixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: qotata-qupepa-qiki-qika qoqakokita-qoqato-qeta qite-qoqita-qita qatoki-qota-qupepa-qote
Transliteration 2: qodada-qubeba-qigi-qiga qoqagogida-qoqado-qeda qide-qoqida-qida qadogi-qoda-qubeba-qode
Pronunciation: oɾaɾa-ubema-iki-iŋa o.aʎokina-o.aɹo-ena ide-o.ina-ina aɹoki-ona-ubema-ode
Transcription: ’orara-’ubema-’iki-’iŋa ’o’ajokina-’o’aro-’ena ’ide-’o’ina-’ina ’aroki-’ona-’ubema-’ode
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Variant Group B: Codal Voicing in Closed Dialects
In closed dialects, the codas of syllables with back vowels were voiced.
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b > m /[a]_ p > b /[e]_ p > ɸ /[y]_ b > β /[u]_ b > w /[o]_ |
d > n /[a]_ t > d /[e]_ t > s /[y]_ n > z /[u]_ n > ɹ /[o]_ ɾ > ɾ /[vowel]_[same vowel]_ |
g > ŋ /[a]_ k > g /[e]_ k > x /[y]_ g > ɣ /[u]_ g > ʎ /[o]_ |
Ana’-ori’-araro’
Closed, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: etoq-apepuq-atoq-ikotaq atiq-atiqoq-etiq ateq-otaqoq-atikokaqoq atiq-ikiq-apepuq-atatoq
Transliteration 2: edoq-abebuq-adoq-igodaq adiq-adiqoq-ediq adeq-odaqoq-adigogaqoq agiq-igiq-abebuq-adadoq
Pronunciation: ĕdo-ămĕbu-ăno-ĭkŏɹa ăni-ăni.o-ĕbi ăne-̆oɹa.o-ănĭkŏʎa.o-ăŋi-ĭkĭ-ămĕbu-ăɾăɾo
Transcription: edo’-amebu’-ano’-ikora’ ani’-ani’o’-edi’ ane’-ora’o’-anikoja’o’ aŋi’-iki’-amebu’-araro’
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Ana’-ori’-araro’
Closed, preformative, suffixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: akiq-ikiq-apepuq-atatoq ateq-otaqoq-atikokaqoq atiq-atiqoq-etiq etoq-apepuq-atoq-ikotaq
Transliteration 2: agiq-igiq-abebuq-adadoq adeq-odaqoq-adigogaqoq adiq-adiqoq-ediq edoq-abebuq-adoq-igodaq
Pronunciation: aŋi-iki-amebu-aɾaɾo ane-oɹa.o-anikoɹa.o ani-ani.o-edi edo-amebu-ano-ikoɹa
Transcription: aŋi-iki-amebu-araro ane-oɹa’o-anikora’o ani-ani’o-edi edo-amebu-ano-ikora
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
A’an-i’or-o’arar
Closed, afformative, suffixing, OVS
Transliteration: oqet-uqepap-oqat-aqotik iqat-oqiqat-iqet eqat-oqaqot-oqaqokikat iqat-iqik-uqepap-oqatat
Transliteration: oqed-uqebab-oqad-aqodig iqad-oqiqad-iqed eqad-oqaqod-oqaqogigad iqad-iqig-uqebab-oqadad
Pronunciation: o.ed-u.ebam-o.an-a.oɹik i.ad-o.i.an-i.ed e.an-o.a.oɹ-o.a.oʎikan i.aŋ-i.ik-u.ebam-o.aɾaɾ
Transcription: o’ed-u’ebam-o’an-a’orik i’an-o’i’an-i’ed e’an-o’a’or-o’a’ojikan i’aŋ-i’ik-u’ebam-o’arar
Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
A’an-i’or-o’arar
Closed, afformative, suffixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: iqak-iqik-uqepap-oqatat eqat-oqaqot-oqaqogikad iqad-oqiqad-iqed oqet-uqeqab-oqad-aqodik
Transliteration 2: iqag-iqig-uqebab-oqadad eqad-oqaqod-oqaqogigad iqad-oqiqad-iqed oqed-uqebab-oqad-aqodig
Pronunciation: i.aŋ-i.ik-u.ebam-o.aɾaɾ e.an-o.a.oɹ-o.a.oʎikan i.an-o.i.an-i.ed o.ed-u.e.an-o.an-a.oʎik
Transcription: i’aŋ-i’ik-u’ebam-o’arar e’an-o’a’or-o’a’ojikan i’an-o’i’an-i’ed o’ed-u’ebam-o’an-a’orik
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Araro’-ori’-ana’
Closed, preformative, prefixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: ikotaq-atoq-apepuq-etoq etiq-atiqoq-atiq atikokaqoq-otaqoq-ateq atatoq-etapuq-ikiq-akiq
Transliteration: igodaq-adoq-abebuq-edoq ediq-adiqoq-adiq adigogaqoq-odaqoq-adeq adadoq-edabuq-igiq-agiq
Pronunciation: ikoɹa-ano-amebu-edo edi-ani.o-ani anikoʎa.o-oɹa.o-ane aɾaɾo-amebu-iki-aŋi
Transcription: ikora’-ano’-amebu’-edo’ edi’-ani’o’-ani’ anikoja’o’-ora’o’-ane’ araro’-amebu’-iki’-aŋi’
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Araro’-ori’-ana’
Closed, preformative, prefixing, SVO
Transliteration: atatoq-epepuq-ikiq-akiq atikokaqoq-otaqoq-ateq etiq-atiqoq-atiq ikotaq-atoq-atepuq-etoq
Transliteration: adadoq-ebebuq-igiq-agiq adigogaqoq-odaqoq-adeq ediq-adiqoq-adiq igodaq-adoq-adepuq-edoq
Pronunciation: aɾaɾo-amebu-iki-aŋi anikoʎa.o-oɹa.o-ane edi-ani.o-ani ikoʎa-ano-amebu-edo
Transcription: araro’-amebu’-iki’-aŋi’ anikoja’o’-ora’o’-ane’ edi’-ani’o’-ani’ ikora’-ano’-amebu’-edo’
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
O’arar-i’or-a’an
Closed, afformative, prefixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: aqotik-oqat-uqepap-oqet iqet-oqiqat-iqat oqaqokikat-oqaqot-eqat oqatat-uqepap-iqik-iqak
Transliteration 2: aqodig-oqad-uqebab-oqed iqed-oqiqad-iqad oqaqogigad-oqaqod-eqad oqadad-uqebab-iqig-iqag
Pronunciation: a.oʎik-o.an-u.ebam-o.ed i.ed-o.i.an-i.an o.a.oʎikan-o.a.oɹ-e.an o.ɾaɾ-u.ebam-i.ik-i.aŋ
Transcription: a’orik-o’an-u’ebam-o’ed i’ed-o’i’an-i’an o’a’ojiknd-o’a’or-e’an o’arar-u’ebam-i’ik-i’aŋ
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
O’arar-i’or-a’an
Closed, afformative, prefixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: oqatat-uqepap-iqik-iqak oqaqokikat-oqaqot-eqat iqet-oqiqat-iqat aqotik-oqat-uqepap-oqet
Transliteration 2: oqadad-uqebab-iqig-iqag oqaqogigad-oqaqod-eqad iqed-oqiqad-iqad aqodig-oqad-uqebab-oqed
Pronunciation: o.arar-u.ebam-i.ik-i.aŋ o.a.oʎikan-o.a.or-e.an i.ed-o.i.an-i.an a.orik-o.an-u.ebam-o.ed
Transcription: o’arar-u’ebam-i’ik-i’aŋ o’a’ojikan-o’a’or-e’an i’ed-o’i’ad-i’an a’orik-o’an-u’ebam-o’ed
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Back-Vowel Voicing
+ Glottal Deconsonantalization
+ Further Lenition
+ Synalœpha
Variant I: ?
This change was only possible for open suffixing dialects and closed prefixing dialects.
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a.a > a: /C_ a.e > aɛ /C_ a.i > aɪ /C_ a.y > aʏ /C_ a.u > aʊ /C_ a.o > aɔ /C_ |
e.a > ɛa /C_ e.e > e: /C_ pe.i > ɛɪ /C_ e.y > ɛʏ /C_ e.u > ɛʊ /C_ e.o > ɛɔ /C_ |
i.a > ɪa /C_ i.e > ɪɛ /C_ i.i > i: /C_ i.y > ɪʏ /C_ i.u > ɪʊ /C_ i.o > ɪɔ /C_ |
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y.a > ʏa /C_ y.e > ʏɛ /C_ y.i > ʏɪ /C_ y.y > y: /C_ y.u > ʏʊ /C_ y.o > ʏɔ /C_ |
u.a > ʊa /C_ u.e > ʊɛ /C_ u.i > ʊɪ /C_ u.y > ʊʏ /C_ u.u > u: /C_ u.o > ʊɔ /C_ |
o.a > ɔa /C_ o.e > ɔɛ /C_ o.i > ɔɪ /C_ o.y > ɔʏ /C_ o.u > ɔʊ /C_ o.o > o: |
Sample: dɛɔ-mabɛʊ-naɔ-kirɔa naɪ-naɪ.o-dɛi naɛ-ɹɔa.o-nakiʎɔa.o-ŋa-ɪki:-mabɛʊ-ɾăɾaɔ
ɪaNaa-roi-rarao
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: teo-papeu-tao-kitoa tai-taio-tei tae-toao-takikoao kai-kii-papeu-tatao
Transliteration 2: deo-babeu-dao-gidoa dai-daio-dei dae-doao-dagigoao gai-gii-babeu-dadao
Pronunciation: dɛɔ-mabɛʊ-naɔ-kirɔa naɪ-naɪ.o-dɛɪ naɛ-ɹɔa.o-nakiʎɔa.o ŋaɪ-ki:-mabɛʊ-ɾăɾaɔ
Transcription: deo-mabeu-nao-kiroa nai-naio-dei nae-roao-nakijoao-ŋai-kii-mabeu-rarao
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Naa-roi-rarao
Open, preformative, suffixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: kai-kii-papeu-tatao tae-toao-takikoao tai-taio-tei teo-papeu-tao-kitoa
Transliteration 2: gai-gii-babeu-dadao dae-doao-dagigoao dai-daio-dei deo-babeu-dao-gidoa
Pronunciation: ŋaɪ-kɪ:-mabɛʊ-ɾaɾaɔ naɛ-rɔa.o-nakiʎɔa.o naɪ-naɪ.o-dɛɪ dɛɔ-mabɛʊ-naɔ-kirɔa
Transcription: ŋai-kii-mabeu-rarao nae-roao-nakijoao nai-naio-dei deo-mabeu-nao-kiroa
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Ana-iro-orara
Open, afformative, suffixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: ote-upepa-ota-atoki ita-oita-ite eta-oato-oakokita ika-iki-upepa-otata
Transliteration 2: ode-ubeba-oda-adogi ida-oida-ide eda-oado-oagogida iga-igi-ubeba-odada
Pronunciation: ode-ubema-ona-aroki ina-oina-ide ena-ɔaro-ɔaʎokina iŋa-iki-ubema-oɾaɾa
Transcription: ode-ubema-ona-aroki ina-oina-ide ena-oaro-oajokina iŋa-iki-ubema-orara
Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Ana-iro-orara
Open, afformative, suffixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: ika-iki-upepa-otata eta-oato-oakokita ita-oita-ite ote-upepa-ota-atoki
Transliteration 2: iga-igi-ubeba-odada eda-oado-oagogida ida-oida-ide ode-ubeba-oda-adogi
Pronunciation: iŋa-iki-ubema-oɾaɾa ena-ɔaro-ɔaʎokina ina-oina-ide ode-ubema-ona-aroki
Transcription: iŋa-iki-ubema-orara ena-oaro-oajokina ina-oina-ide ode-ubema-ona-aroki
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Rarao-roi-naa
Open, preformative, prefixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: kitoa-tao-papeu-teo tei-taio-tai takikoao-toao-tae tatao-pepeu-kii-kai
Transliteration 2: gidoa-dao-babeu-deo dei-daio-dai dagigoao-doao-dae dadao-bebeu-gii-gai
Pronunciation: kiɹɔa-naɔ-mabɛʊ-dɛɔ dɛɪ-naɪ.o-naɪ nakiʎɔa.o-rɔa.o-naɛ ɾaɾaɔ-mabɛʊ-kɪ:-ŋaɪ
Transcription: kiroa-nao-mabeu-deo dei-naio-nai nakijoao-roao-nae rarao-mabeu-kii-ŋai
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Rarao-roi-naa
Open, preformative, prefixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: tatao-pepeu-kii-kai takikoao-toao-tae tei-taio-tai kitoa-tao-papeu-teo
Transliteration 2: dadao-bebeu-gii-gai dagigoao-doao-dae dei-daio-dai gidoa-dao-babeu-deo
Pronunciation: ɾaɾaɔ-mabɛʊ-kɪ:-ŋaɪ dakiʎɔa.o-rɔa.o-naɛ dɛɪ-naɪ.o-naɪ kirɔa-naɔ-mabɛʊ-dɛɔ
Transcription: rarao-mabeu-kii-ŋai nakijoao-roao-dae dei-daio-dai kidoa-dao-bapeu-teo
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Orara-iro-ana
Open, afformative, prefixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: atoki-ota-upepa-ote ite-oita-ita oakokita-oato-eta otata-upepa-iki-ika
Transliteration 2: adogi-oda-ubeba-ode ide-oida-ida oagogida-oado-eda odada-ubeba-igi-iga
Pronunciation: aroki-ona-ubema-ode ide-oina-ina ɔaʎokina-ɔaro-ena oɾaɾa-ubema-iki-iŋa
Transcription: aroki-ona-ubema-ode ide-oina-ina oajokina-oaro-ena orara-ubema-iki-iŋa
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Orara-iro-ana
Open, afformative, prefixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: otata-upepa-iki-ika oakokita-oato-eta ite-oita-ita atoki-ota-upepa-ote
Transliteration 2: odada-ubeba-igi-iga oagogida-oado-eda ide-oida-ida adogi-oda-ubeba-ode
Pronunciation: oɾaɾa-ubema-iki-iŋa ɔaʎokina-ɔaro-ena ide-oina-ina aroki-ona-ubema-ode
Transcription: orara-ubema-iki-iŋa oajokina-oaro-na ide-oina-ina aroki-ona-ubema-ode
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Variant II: ?
This change was only possible for open suffixing dialects and closed prefixing dialects.
|
a.a > a: /_C a.e > aɛ /_C a.i > aɪ /_C a.y > aʏ /_C a.u > aʊ /_C a.o > aɔ /_C |
e.a > ɛa /_C e.e > e: /_C pe.i > ɛɪ /_C e.y > ɛʏ /_C e.u > ɛʊ /_C e.o > ɛɔ /_C |
i.a > ɪa /_C i.e > ɪɛ /_C i.i > i: /_C i.y > ɪʏ /_C i.u > ɪʊ /_C i.o > ɪɔ /_C |
|
y.a > ʏa /_C y.e > ʏɛ /_C y.i > ʏɪ /_C y.y > y: /_C y.u > ʏʊ /_C y.o > ʏɔ /_C |
u.a > ʊa /_C u.e > ʊɛ /_C u.i > ʊɪ /_C u.y > ʊʏ /_C u.u > u: /_C u.o > ʊɔ /_C |
o.a > ɔa /_C o.e > ɔɛ /_C o.i > ɔɪ /_C o.y > ɔʏ /_C o.u > ɔʊ /_C o.o > o: |
Ana-ori-araro
Formerly-closed, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: eto-apepu-ato-ikota ati-atio-eti ate-otao-atikokao ati-iki-apepu-atato
Transliteration 2: edo-abebu-ado-igoda adi-adio-edi ade-odao-adigogao agi-igi-abebu-adado
Pronunciation: edo-amebu-ano-ikoɹa ani-anio-edi ane-oɹaɔ-anikoʎaɔ-aŋi-iki-amebu-aɾaɾo
Transcription: edo-amebu-ano-ikora ani-anio-edi ane-orao-anikojao aŋi-iki-amebu-araro
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Ana-ori-araro
Formerly-closed, preformative, suffixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: aki-iki-apepu-atato ate-otao-atikokao ati-atio-eti eto-apepu-ato-ikota
Transliteration 2: agi-igi-abebu-adado ade-odao-adigogao adi-adio-edi edo-abebu-ado-igoda
Pronunciation: aŋi-iki-amebu-aɾaɾo ane-oɹaɔ-anikoʎaɔ ani-anio-edi edo-amebu-ano-ikoɹa
Transcription: aŋi-iki-amebu-araro ane-oɹao-anikojao ani-anio-edi edo-amebu-ano-ikora
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Aan-ior-oarar
Closed, afformative, suffixing, OVS
Transliteration: oet-uepap-oat-aotik iat-oiat-iet eat-oaot-oaokikat iat-iik-uepap-oatat
Transliteration: oed-uebab-oad-aodig iad-oiad-ied ead-oaod-oaogigad iad-iig-uebab-oadad
Pronunciation: oed-ʊɛbam-ɔan-aɔɹik ɪad-o.ɪan-ɪɛd ɛan-o.aɔɹ-o.aɔʎikan ɪaŋ-ɪ:k-ʊɛbam-ɔaɾaɾ
Transcription: oed-uebam-oan-aorik ian-oian-ied ean-oaor-oaojikan iaŋ-iik-uebam-oarar
Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Aan-ior-oarar
Closed, afformative, suffixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: iak-iik-uepap-oatat eat-oaot-oaogikad iad-oiad-ied oet-ueab-oad-aodik
Transliteration 2: iag-iig-uebab-oadad ead-oaod-oaogigad iad-oiad-ied oed-uebab-oad-aodig
Pronunciation: ɪaŋ-ɪ:k-ʊɛbam-ɔaɾaɾ ɛan-oaɔɹ-o.aɔʎikan ɪan-o.ɪan-ɪɛd oed-u.ɛan-ɔan-aɔʎik
Transcription: iaŋ-iik-uebam-oarar ean-oaor-oaojikan ian-oian-ied oed-uebam-oan-aorik
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Araro-ori-ana
Closed, preformative, prefixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: ikota-ato-apepu-eto eti-atio-ati atikokao-otao-ate atato-etapu-iki-aki
Transliteration: igoda-ado-abebu-edo edi-adio-adi adigogao-odao-ade adado-ebabu-igi-agi
Pronunciation: ikoɹa-ano-amebu-edo edi-anio-ani anikoʎaɔ-oɹaɔ-ane aɾaɾo-amebu-iki-aŋi
Transcription: ikora-ano-amebu-edo edi-anio-ani anikojao-orao-ane araro-amebu-iki-aŋi
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Araro-ori-ana
Closed, preformative, prefixing, SVO
Transliteration: atato-epepu-iki-aki atikokao-otao-ate eti-atio-ati ikota-ato-apepu-eto
Transliteration: adado-ebebu-igi-agi adigogao-odao-ade edi-adio-adi igoda-ado-abebu-edo
Pronunciation: aɾaɾo-amebu-iki-aŋi anikoʎaɔ-oɹaɔ-ane edi-anio-ani ikoʎa-ano-amebu-edo
Transcription: araro-amebu-iki-aŋi anikojao-orao-ane edi-anio-ani ikora-ano-amebu-edo
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Oarar-ior-aan
Closed, afformative, prefixing, OVS
Transliteration 1: aotik-oat-uepap-oet iet-oiat-iat oaokikat-oaot-eat oatat-uepap-iik-iak
Transliteration 2: aodig-oad-uebab-oed ied-oiad-iad oaogigad-oaod-ead oadad-uebab-iig-iag
Pronunciation: aɔʎik-ɔan-ʊɛbam-oed ɪɛd-o.ɪan-ɪan o.aɔʎikan-o.aɔɹ-ɛan o.ɾaɾ-ʊɛbam-ɪ:k-ɪaŋ
Transcription: aorik-oan-uebam-oed ied-oian-ian oaojikad-oaor-ean oarar-uebam-iik-iaŋ
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Oarar-ior-aan
Closed, afformative, prefixing, SVO
Transliteration 1: oatat-uepap-iik-iak oaokikat-oaot-eat iet-oiat-iat aotik-oat-uepap-oet
Transliteration 2: oadad-uebab-iig-iag oaogigad-oaod-ead ied-oiad-iad aodig-oad-uebab-oed
Pronunciation: ɔarar-ʊɛbam-ɪ:k-ɪaŋ o.aɔʎikan-o.aɔr-ɛan ɪɛd-o.ɪan-ɪan aɔrik-ɔan-ʊɛbam-oed
Transcription: oarar-uebam-iik-iaŋ oaojikan-oaor-ean ied-oiad-ian aorik-oan-uebam-oed
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Back-Vowel Voicing
+ Glottal Deconsonantalization
+ Further Lenition
+ Consonantal Vowel Deletion
This refers to a change that occured in numerous dialects of various morphologies. In some dialects, consonants adjascent to back vowels (a, u, o) were voiced. In other dialects, consonants adjascent to rounded vowels (y, u, o) were voiced.
Variant Group A: Onset Voicing in Open Dialects
In open dialects, the onsets of syllables with back vowels were voiced.
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ba > ma > m pe > be > b pi > pi > p py > ɸy > ɸ bu > βu > β bo > wo > w |
da > na > n te > de > d ti > ti > t ty > sy > s du > zu > z do > ɹo > ɹ tata > ɾaɾa > l |
ga > ŋa > ŋ ke > ge > g ki > ki > k ky > xy > x gu > ɣu > ɣ go > ʎo > ʎ |
Na-ri-lo
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
(Elfish; Dryadic; Faerish)
Transliteration 1: do-mbu-no-kra ni-nio-di ne-rao-nkjao ŋi-ki-mbu-rro
Pronunciation: do-mbu-no-kɹa ni-ni.o-di ne-ɹa.o-nkʎa.o-ŋi-ki-mbu-lo
Transcription: do-mbu-no-kra ni-nio-di ne-rao-nkyao ngi-ki-mbu-lo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Na-ri-lo
Open, preformative, suffixing, SVO
(Faerish; Dryadic; Elfish)
Transliteration 1: ŋi-ki-mbu-rro ne-rao-nkjao ni-nio-di do-mbu-no-kra
Pronunciation: ŋi-ki-mbu-lo ne-ɹa.o-nkʎa.o ni-ni.o-di do-mbu-no-kɹa
Transcription: ngi-ki-mbu-lo ne-rao-nkyao ni-nio-di do-mbu-no-kra
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
An-ir-ol
Formerly-open, afformative, suffixing, OVS
(Darkelfish; Maenadic; Dark Faerish)
Transliteration 1: od-ubm-on-ark in-oin-id en-oar-oajkn iŋ-ik-ubm-orr
Pronunciation: od-ubm-on-aɹk in-o.in-id en-o.aɹ-o.aʎkn iŋ-ik-ubm-ol
Transcription: od-ubm-on-ark in-o.in-id en-oar-oaykn ing-ik-ubm-ol
Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
An-ir-ol
Formerly-open, afformative, suffixing, SVO
(Darkelfish; Maenadic; Dark Faerish)
Transliteration 1: iŋ-ik-ubm-orr en-oar-oajkn in-oin-id en od-ubm-on-ark
Pronunciation: iŋ-ik-ubm-ol en-o.aɹ-o.aʎkn in-o.in-id od-ubm-on-aɹk
Transcription: ing-ik-ubm-ol en-oar-oaykn in-o.in-id od-ubm-on-ark
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Lo-ri-na
Open, preformative, prefixing, OVS
(Moonelfish; Nightelfish; Oreadic; Dark Faerish)
Transliteration 1: kra-no-mbu-do di-nio-ni nkjao-rao-ne rro-mbu-ki-ŋi
Pronunciation: kɹa-no-mbu-do di-ni.o-di nkʎa.o-ɹa.o-ne lo-mbu-ki-ŋi
Transcription: kra-no-mbu-do di-nio-ni nkjao-rao-ne lo-mbu-ki-ngi
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Lo-ri-na
Open, preformative, prefixing, SVO
(Moonelfish; Nightelfish; Dark Faerish)
Transliteration 1: rro-mbu-ki-ŋi nkjao-rao-ne di-nio-ni kra-no-mbu-do
Pronunciation: lo-mbu-ki-ŋi nkʎa.o-ɹa.o-ne di-ni.o-ni kɹa-no-mbu-do
Transcription: lo-mbu-ki-ngi nkyao-rao-ne di-nio-ni kra-no-mbu-do
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Ol-ir-an
Formerly-open, afformative, prefixing, OVS
(Oreadic)
Transliteration 1: ark-on-ubm-od id-oin-in oajkn-oar-en orr-ubm-ik-iŋ
Pronunciation: aɹk-on-ubm-od id-o.in-in o.aɹkn-o.aɹ-en ol-ubm-ik-iŋ
Transcription: ark-on-ubm-od id-oin-in oajkn-oar-en ol-ubm-ik-ing
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Ol-ir-an
Formerly-open, afformative, prefixing, SVO
(Oreadic)
Transliteration 1: orr-ubm-ik-iŋ oajkn-oar-en id-oin-in ark-on-ubm-od
Pronunciation: ol-ubm-ik-iŋ o.aɹkn-o.aɹ-en id-o.in-in aɹk-on-ubm-od
Transcription: ol-ubm-ik-ing oaykn-oar-en id-oin-in ark-on-ubm-od
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Variant Group B: Codal Voicing in Closed Dialects
In closed dialects, the codas of syllables with back vowels were voiced.
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ab > am > m ep > eb > b ip > ip > p yp > yɸ > ɸ ub > uβ > β ob > ow > w |
ad > an > n et > de > d it > ti > t yt > sy > s ud > zu > z od > oɹ > ɹ atat > aɾaɾ > rr |
ag > aŋ > ŋ ek > eg > g ik > ik > k yk > yx > x ug > uɣ > ɣ og > oʎ > ʎ |
Na-ri-rro
Formerly-closed, preformative, suffixing, OVS
(Wood-gnomish)
Transliteration 1: do-mbu-no-kra ni-nio-di ne-rao-nkjao ŋi-ki-mbu-rro
Pronunciation: do-mbu-no-kɹa ni-ni.o-di ne-ɹa.o-nkʎa.o-ŋi-ki-mbu-ɾɾo
Transcription: do-mbu-no-kra ni-nio-di ne-rao-nkyao ngi-ki-mbu-rro
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Na-ri-rro
Formerly-closed, preformative, suffixing, SVO
(Wood-gnomish)
Transliteration 1: ŋi-ki-mbu-rro ne-rao-nkjao ni-nio-di do-mbu-no-kra
Pronunciation: ŋi-ki-mbu-ɾɾo ne-ɹa.o-nkʎa.o ni-ni.o-di do-mbu-no-kɹa
Transcription: ngi-ki-mbu-rro ne-rao-nkyao ni-nio-di do-mbu-no-kra
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
An-ir-orr
Closed, afformative, suffixing, OVS
(Swartelfish; Lampadic; Under-Faerish)
Transliteration 1: od-ubm-on-ark in-oin-id en-oar-oajkn iŋ-ik-ubm-orr
Pronunciation: od-ubm-on-aɹk in-o.in-id en-o.aɹ-o.aʎkn iŋ-ik-ubm-oɾɾ
Transcription: od-ubm-on-ark in-o.in-id en-oar-oaykn ing-ik-ubm-orr
Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
An-ir-orr
Closed, afformative, suffixing, SVO
(Swartelfish; Lampadic; Under-Faerish)
Transliteration 1: iŋ-ik-ubm-orr en-oar-oajkn in-oin-id en od-ubm-on-ark
Pronunciation: iŋ-ik-ubm-oɾɾ en-o.aɹ-o.aʎkn in-o.in-id od-ubm-on-aɹk
Transcription: ing-ik-ubm-orr en-oar-oaykn in-o.in-id od-ubm-on-ark
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Rro-ri-na
Formerly-closed, preformative, prefixing, OVS
(Oreadic)
Transliteration 1: kra-no-mbu-do di-nio-ni nkjao-rao-ne rro-mbu-ki-ŋi
Pronunciation: kɹa-no-mbu-do di-ni.o-di nkʎa.o-ɹa.o-ne ɾɾo-mbu-ki-ŋi
Transcription: kra-no-mbu-do di-nio-ni nkjao-rao-ne rro-mbu-ki-ngi
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Rro-ri-na
Formerly-closed, preformative, prefixing, SVO
(Oreadic)
Transliteration 1: rro-mbu-ki-ŋi nkjao-rao-ne di-nio-ni kra-no-mbu-do
Pronunciation: ɾɾo-mbu-ki-ŋi nkʎa.o-ɹa.o-ne di-ni.o-ni kɹa-no-mbu-do
Transcription: rro-mbu-ki-ngi nkyao-rao-ne di-nio-ni kra-no-mbu-do
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Orr-ir-an
Closed, afformative, prefixing, OVS
(Hillogrish)
Transliteration 1: ark-on-ubm-od id-oin-in oajkn-oar-en orr-ubm-ik-iŋ
Pronunciation: aɹk-on-ubm-od id-o.in-in o.aɹkn-o.aɹ-en oɾɾ-ubm-ik-iŋ
Transcription: ark-on-ubm-od id-oin-in oajkn-oar-en orr-ubm-ik-ing
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Orr-ir-an
Closed, afformative, prefixing, SVO
(Hillogrish)
Transliteration 1: orr-ubm-ik-iŋ oajkn-oar-en id-oin-in ark-on-ubm-od
Pronunciation: oɾɾ-ubm-ik-iŋ o.aɹkn-o.aɹ-en id-o.in-in aɹk-on-ubm-od
Transcription: orr-ubm-ik-ing oaykn-oar-en id-oin-in ark-on-ubm-od
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Sound change 2: The Great Vowel Deletion
Sound change 2 with orthographical change 1
ba(q) or pa(q) = /ma/ > ppp = /m/
be(q) or pe(q) = /be/ > pp = /b/
bi(q) or pi(q) = /ɸi/ > qp = /ɸ/
by(q) or py(q) = /py/ > p = /p/
bu(q) or pu(q) = /βu/ > qpp = /β/
bo(q) or po(q) = /wo/ > qppp = /w/
da(q) or ta(q) = /na/ > ttt = /n/
de(q) or te(q) = /de/ > tt = /d/
di(q) or ti(q) = /si/ > qt = /s/
dy(q) or ty(q) = /ty/ > t = /t/
du(q) or tu(q) = /zu/ > qtt = /z/
do(q) or to(q) = /ro/ > qttt = /r/
dada(q) or tata(q) = /la/ > tttttt /l/
dede(q) or tete(q) = /ðe/ > ? /ð/
didi(q) or titi(q) = /ʃi/ > ? /ʃ/
dydy(q) or tyty(q) = /θy/ > ? /θ/
dudu(q) or tutu(q) = /ʒu/ > ? /ʒ/
dodo(q) or toto(q) = /rho/ > ???
ga(q) or ka(q) = /ŋa/ > kkk /ŋ/
ge(q) or ke(q) = /ge/ > kk /g/
gi(q) or ki(q) = /xi/ > qk /x/
gy(q) or ky(q) = /ky/ > k /k/
gu(q) or ku(q) = /ɣu/ > qkk /ɣ/
go(q) or ko(q) = /jo/ > qkkk /j/
New version: Ttoppppputttokqttta tttitttiotti ttteqtttaotttkqkkkao Kkkikippppputttttto. Kkkikitttopppqpppi ttttttatettttttaotttkqkkkao kkkikipppppupitttttto; pitttio kitttattttttaotttkqkkku kkkikipppppupitttttto. Qppqtttikkttti, ttteqtttiokkkue ttttttatikitttttto. Qtttoettaeqtttootttkqkkka tttittttttiottttta taokaeqtttotttkqkkkue tttittttttiotttta. Kitttikipitttotti taakaeqtttaotttkqkkkaa ttttttatikitttttto. Qtttautteqtttaotttkqkkkaa pppaeqtikitttttto. Pppaeqtikititttppppi ttteqtttiotttue tttittttttio.
Sound change 2 with orthographical change 2
Orthographical change 2 is separate and distinct from orthographical change 1. Orthrographical change 2 does not follow sequentially or build upon orthographical change 1.
ba(q) or pa(q) = /ma/ > m = /m/
be(q) or pe(q) = /be/ > ph = /b/
bi(q) or pi(q) = /ɸi/ > pp = /ɸ/
by(q) or py(q) = /py/ > p = /p/
bu(q) or pu(q) = /βu/ > phph = /β/
bo(q) or po(q) = /wo/ > mh = /w/
da(q) or ta(q) = /na/ > n = /n/
de(q) or te(q) = /de/ > th = /d/
di(q) or ti(q) = /si/ > tt = /s/
dy(q) or ty(q) = /ty/ > t = /t/
du(q) or tu(q) = /zu/ > thth = /z/
do(q) or to(q) = /ro/ > nh = /r/
dada(q) or tata(q) = /la/ > nn /l/
dede(q) or tete(q) = /ðe/ > ? /ð/
didi(q) or titi(q) = /ʃi/ > ? /ʃ/
dydy(q) or tyty(q) = /θy/ > ? /θ/
dudu(q) or tutu(q) = /ʒu/ > ? /ʒ/
dodo(q) or toto(q) = /rho/ > ???
ga(q) or ka(q) = /ŋa/ > ŋ /ŋ/
ge(q) or ke(q) = /ge/ > kh /g/
gi(q) or ki(q) = /xi/ > kk /x/
gy(q) or ky(q) = /ky/ > k /k/
gu(q) or ku(q) = /ɣu/ > khkh /ɣ/
go(q) or ko(q) = /jo/ > ŋh /j/
New version: Thomphunoknha niniothi nenhaonkŋhao Ŋikimphunno. Ŋikinommhi nnatennaonkŋhao ŋikimphupinno; pinio kinannaonkŋhu ŋikimphupinno. Phphŋhikhni, nenhioŋue nnatikinno. Nhoedaenhoonkŋha ninniontha taokaenhonkŋhue ninnionta. Kinikipinothi taakaenhaonkŋhaa nnatikinno. Nhaudenhaonkŋhaa maettikinno. Maettikitinmpi nenhionue ninnio.
Sound change 2 with orthographical change 3
Orthographical change 3 follows sequentially from and builds upon orthographical change 2.
m = /m/
ph = /b/ > b = /b/
pp = /ɸ/ > ph = /ɸ/
p = /p/
phph = /β/ > bh = /β/
mh = /w/ > mh /w/
n = /n/
th = /d/ > d = /d/
tt = /s/ > s = /s/
t = /t/
thth = /z/ > z = /z/
nh = /r/
nn /l/ > = l /l/
? /ð/ > dh = /ð/
? /ʃ/ > sh /ʃ/
? /θ/ > th = /θ/
? /ʒ/ > zh = /ʒ/
???
ŋ /ŋ/
kh = /g/ > g = /g/
kk = /x/ > kh = /x/
k = /k/
khkh = /ɣ/ > gh /ɣ/
ŋh = /j/ > lh = /j/
Newer version: Dombunoknha niniodi nenhaonklhao-Ŋikimbulo. Ŋikinommhi latelaonklhao-Ŋikimbupilo; pinio kinalaonklhu-ŋikimbupilo. Bhlhigni, nenhioŋue-latikilo. Nhoedaenhoonklhoa-nilionda taokaenhoonklhue-nilionta. Kinikipinodi taakaenhaonklhaa-latikilo. Nhaudenhaonklhaa-maesikilo. Maesikitinompi nenhionue-nilio.
Sound change 2 with orthographical change 4
Orthographical change 4 follows sequentially from and builds upon orthographical change 3.
m = /m/
b = /b/
ph = /ɸ/ > f = /ɸ/
p = /p/
bh = /β/ > v = /β/
mh /w/ > w /w/
n = /n/
d = /d/
s = /s/
t = /t/
z = /z/
nh = /r/ > r = /r/
l /l/
dh = /ð/ > ð = /ð/
sh /ʃ/ > ? = /ʃ/
> th = /θ/ > þ = /θ/
zh = /ʒ/ > ? = /ʒ/
???
ŋ /ŋ/
g = /g/
kh = /x/ > x = /x/
k = /k/
gh /ɣ/ > ? = /ɣ/
lh = /j/ > y = /j/
Newerer version: Dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao-Ŋikimbulo. Ŋikinomwi latelaonkyao-Ŋikimbupilo; pinio kinalaonkyu-ŋikimbupilo. Vyigni, nerioŋue-latikilo. Roedaeroonkyoa-nilionda taokaeroonkyue-nilionta. Kinikipinodi taakaeraonkyaa-latikilo. Rauderaonkyaa-maesikilo. Maesikitinompi nerionue-nilio.
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