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Sylvanic LanguagesCopyright © 2004-2021 C.E. by Dustin Jon ScottIntroduction
Main branching patterns
Grouped List
Further Lenition: Onset Voicing in Open Dialects
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ba > ma > m pe > be > b pi > pi > p py > ɸy > ɸ bu > βu > β bo > wo > w |
da > na > n te > de > d ti > ti > t ty > sy > s du > zu > z do > ɹo > ɹ tata > ɾaɾa > l |
ga > ŋa > ŋ ke > ge > g ki > ki > k ky > xy > x gu > ɣu > ɣ go > ʎo > ʎ |
Proto-Sylvanic Open Monosyllablemes
| Unit | IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Pa | pa | placed, town, settlement |
| Pe | pe | |
| Pi | pi | |
| Pu | pu | |
| Po | po | placing, putting, locating, nation |
| Fa | ɸa | |
| Fe | ɸe | |
| Fi | ɸi | |
| Fu | ɸu | |
| Fo | ɸo | |
| Ba | ba | |
| Be | be | |
| Bi | bi | |
| Bu | bu | |
| Bo | bo | |
| Va | βa | |
| Ve | βe | |
| Vi | βi | |
| Vu | βu | |
| Vo | βo | |
| Ma | ma | possessive/relational (mine; my object, my friend, my relative, &c.), self-having, contentedness |
| Me | me | to "self"; reflexiveness |
| Mi | mi | the self, the individual, inwardness |
| Mu | mu | |
| Mo | mo | |
| Wa | wa | |
| We | we | |
| Wi | wi | |
| Wu | wu | |
| Wo | wo | |
| Ta | ta | ending, coming to conclusion |
| Te | te | |
| Ti | ti | |
| Tu | tu | ending, concluding, killing, bringing to conclusion |
| To | to | transformative end, death, devastation |
| Sa | sa | |
| Se | se | |
| Si | si | |
| Su | su | |
| So | so | |
| Da | da | coming from, origin |
| De | de | to come from |
| Di | di | original, related to beginning, referring to source |
| Du | du | initiation, start |
| Do | do | origin/source (causative) / beginning |
| Za | za | |
| Ze | ze | |
| Zi | zi | |
| Zu | zu | |
| Zo | zo | |
| Na | na | |
| Ne | ne | |
| Ni | ni | |
| Nu | nu | |
| No | no | |
| Lla | ɬa | |
| Lle | ɬe | |
| Lli | ɬi | |
| Llu | ɬu | |
| Llo | ɬo | |
| Ka | ka | |
| Ke | ke | |
| Ki | ki | |
| Ku | ku | |
| Ko | ko | |
| Xa | xa | |
| Xe | xe | |
| Xi | xi | |
| Xu | xu | |
| Xo | xo | |
| Ga | ga | |
| Ge | ge | |
| Gi | gi | |
| Gu | gu | |
| Go | go | |
| Ǵa | ɣa | |
| Ǵe | ɣe | |
| Ǵi | ɣi | |
| Ǵu | ɣu | |
| Ǵo | ɣo | |
| Ŋa | ŋa | |
| Ŋe | ŋe | |
| Ŋi | ŋi | |
| Ŋu | ŋu | |
| Ŋo | ŋo | |
| Ya | ja | |
| Ye | je | |
| Yi | ji | |
| Yu | ju | |
| Yo | jo | |
| Qa | ʔa | |
| Qe | ʔe | |
| Qi | ʔi | |
| Qu | ʔu | |
| Qo | ʔo | |
| Ha | ha | |
| He | he | |
| Hi | hi | |
| Hu | hu | |
| Ho | ho |
Na-ri-lo: Proto-Sylvan
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Proto-Sylvan
Transliteration: do-mbu-no-kra ni-nio-di ne-rao-nkjao ŋi-ki-mbu-rro
Pronunciation: do-mbu-no-kɹa ni-nio-di ne-ɹao-nkʎao ŋi-ki-mbu-lo
Transcription: do-mbu-no-kra ni-nio-di ne-rao-nkyao ngi-ki-mbu-lo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Na-ri-lo: Proto-Elfish
Open, preformative, suffixing, SVO
Proto-Elfish had [S][V][O] word order.
Transliteration: ŋi-ki-mbu-rro ne-rao-nkjao ni-nio-di do-mbu-no-kra
Pronunciation: ŋi-ki-mbu-lo ne-ɹao-nkʎao ni-nio-di do-mbu-no-kɹa
Transcription: ngi-ki-mbu-lo ne-rao-nkyao ni-nio-di do-mbu-no-kra
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Narilo: Early Ancient Sylvan
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
A descendant of Proto-Sylvan. Default word order is [O][V][S]. In ditransitive sentences, order is [DO][IO][V][S].
Sample #1
Transliteration: Dombuno’kra ninio’di nerao’nkjao-ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombuno-kɹa ninio-di neɹao-nkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: Dombuno’kra ninio’di nerao’nkyao-ngikimbulo
Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: “Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.”
Sample #2
Transliteration: Hasera’ne-Kararra nwai ninu’tu bura’ne-nirra vurrini
Pronunciation: hasera-ne-Karala nwai ninu-tu bura-ne-nila vulini
Transcription: Hasera’ne-Karala nwai ninu’tu bura’ne-nila vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and him-to bring-past she (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and to him brought she a draught.”
Sample #3
Transliteration: Hasera’ne-Kararra nwai nina’tu bura’ne-mirru vurrini
Pronunciation: hasera-ne-Karala nwai nina-tu bura-ne-milu vulini
Transcription: Hasera’ne-Karala nwai nina’tu bura’ne-milu vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and her-to bring-past she (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and to her brought I a draught.”
Narilo: Late Ancient Sylvan
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Ancient Sylvan appends subjects to the end of verbs in all sentences, order is [O][V][S]. In ditransitive sentences, order is [DO][IO][V][S].
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Transliteration: Haserane’Kararra nwai ninutu vurrini burane’nirra
Pronunciation: haserane-Karala nwai ninutu vurrini burane-nila
Transcription: Haserane’Karala nwai ninutu vurrini burane’nila
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and him-to (a) draught bring-past she
Translation: “Kara sighed and to him a draught brought she.”
Transliteration: Haserane’Kararra nwai ninatu vurrini burane’mirru
Pronunciation: haserane-Karala nwai ninatu vurrini burane-milu
Transcription: Haserane’Karala nwai ninatu vurrini burane’milu
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and her-to (a) draught bring-past I
Translation: “Kara sighed and to her a draught brought I.”
Narilo: Drayadic
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Drayadic, the language of the Dryads (woodnymphs), is a descendant of Early Primitive Sylvan and both influenced and was influenced by Late Primitive Sylvan.
This dialect appends nouns to the end of verbs in the intransitive, order [IO][V][S], but appends direct objects to the end of verbs in the transitive and ditransitive, and then appends the subject to the direct object, making the transitive order [V][O][S] and the ditransitive order [IO][V][DO][S].
Sample #1
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Sample #2
Transliteration: Haserane’Kararra nwai ninutu burane’vurrini’nirra
Pronunciation: haserane-Karala nwai ninutu burane-vulini-nila
Transcription: Haserane’Karala nwai ninutu burane’vulini’nila
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and him-to bring-past (a) draught she
Translation: “Kara sighed and to him brought she a draught.”
Sample #3
Transliteration: Haserane’Kararra nwai ninatu burane’vurrini’mirru
Pronunciation: haserane-Karala nwai ninatu burane-vulini-milu
Transcription: Haserane’Karala nwai ninatu burane’vulini’milu
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and her-to bring-past (a) draught me
Translation: “Kara sighed and to her brought I a draught.”
Nari’lo: Ancient Elfish / Early Aldelfish
Open, preformative, suffixing, SVO
Aldelfish (Old Elfish) was a descendant of Proto-Elfish and evolved alongside Primitive Fairish, upon which it had great influence.
The language had [S][V][O] word order.
Sample #1
Transliteration: ŋikimbu’rro nerao’nkjao ni’nio’di dombu’no’kra
Pronunciation: ŋikimbu-lo neɹao-nkʎao ni-nio-di dombu-no-kɹa
Transcription: ngikimbu’lo nerao’nkyao ni’nio’di dombu’no’kra
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Sample #2
Transliteration: Kara’rra hasera’ne nwai ni’rra ni’nu’tu bura’ne vurri’ni
Pronunciation: kara-la hasera-ne nwai ni-la ni-nu-tu bura-ne vuli-ni
Transcription: Kara’la hasera’ne nwai ni’la ni’nu’tu bura’ne vuli’ni
Gloss: Kara-subject sigh-past and she him-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and she to him brought a draught.”
Sample #3
Transliteration: Kara’rra hasera’ne nwai mi’rru ni’nu’ta bura’ne vurri’ni
Pronunciation: kara-la hasera-ne nwai mi-lu ni-na-tu bura-ne vuli-ni
Transcription: Kara’la hasera’ne nwai mi’lu ni’na’tu burane’vuli’ni
Gloss: Kara-subject sigh-past and I she-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and I to her brought I a draught.”
Narilo: Aldelfish (Old Elfish)
Open, preformative, suffixing, SVO
Aldelfish (Old Elfish) was a descendant of Proto-Elfish and evolved alongside Primitive Fairish, upon which it had great influence.
The language had [S][V][O] word order.
Sample #1
Transliteration: ŋikimburro neraonkjao niniodi dombunokra
Pronunciation: ŋikimbulo neɹaonkʎao niniodi dombunokɹa
Transcription: ngikimbulo neraonkyao niniodi dombunokra
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Sample #2
Transliteration: Kararra hasera’ne nwai nirra ninu’tu bura’ne vurrini
Pronunciation: karala hasera-ne nwai nila ninu-tu bura-ne vulini
Transcription: Karala hasera’ne nwai nila ninu’tu bura’ne vulini
Gloss: Kara-subject sigh-past and she him-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and she to him brought a draught.”
Sample #3
Transliteration: Kararra hasera’ne nwai mirru ninu’ta bura’ne vurrini
Pronunciation: karala hasera-ne nwai milu nina-tu bura-ne vulini
Transcription: Karala hasera’ne nwai milu nina’tu burane’vulini
Gloss: Kara-subject sigh-past and I she-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and I to her brought I a draught.”
Narilo: Ancient Hobbish
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Either a descendant or close relative of Early Primitive Sylvan, and a close relative of Drayadic.
Transliteration: dombuno’kra ninio’di nerao’nkjao ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombuno’kra ninio’di nerao’nkyao ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Transliteration: Hasera’ne Kararra nwai ninu’tu bura’ne nirra vurrini
Pronunciation: hasera-ne Karala nwai ninu-tu bura-ne nila vulini
Transcription: Hasera’ne Karala nwai ninu’tu bura’ne nila vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and him-to bring-past she (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and to him brought she a draught.”
Transliteration: Hasera’ne Kararra nwai nina’tu bura’ne mirru vurrini
Pronunciation: hasera-ne Karala nwai nina-tu bura-ne milu vulini
Transcription: Hasera’ne Karala nwai nina’tu bura’ne milu vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and her-to bring-past she (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and to her brought I a draught.”
Narilo: Early Ancient Faerish
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Ancient Faerish appends nouns to the end of verbs in the intransitive, order [IO][V][S], but appends direct objects to the end of verbs in the transitive and ditransitive, in which case transitive order is [S][V][O] and ditransitive order is [IO][S][V][DO].
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Transliteration: Haserane’Kararra nwai nirra ninutu burane’vurrini
Pronunciation: haserane-Karala nwai ninutu nila burane-vulini
Transcription: Haserane’Karala nwai ninutu nila burane’vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and him-to she bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and to him she brought a draught.”
Transliteration: Haserane’Kararra nwai ninatu mirru burane’vurrini
Pronunciation: haserane-Karala nwai ninatu milu burane-vulini
Transcription: Haserane’Karala nwai ninatu milu burane’vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and she-to I bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and I to her I brought a draught.”
Narilo: Late Ancient Faerish
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Ancient Faerish appends nouns to the end of verbs in the intransitive, order [IO][V][S], but appends direct objects to the end of verbs in the transitive and ditransitive, in which case transitive order is [S][V][O] and ditransitive order is [S][IO][V][DO].
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Transliteration: Haserane’Kararra nwai nirra ninutu burane’vurrini
Pronunciation: haserane-Karala nwai nila ninutu burane-vulini
Transcription: Haserane’Karala nwai nila ninutu burane’vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and she him-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and she to him brought a draught.”
Transliteration: Haserane’Kararra nwai mirru ninatu burane’vurrini
Pronunciation: haserane-Karala nwai milu ninatu burane-vulini
Transcription: Haserane’Karala nwai milu ninatu burane’vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and I she-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and I to her brought I a draught.”
Narilo: Old Sylphish
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Old Sylphish began with OVS word order, but, perhaps influenced SVO languages such as Aldelfish and Old Faerish, began placing topical nouns at the beginning of sentences while appending the appropriate pronouns to the verbs, having the order [T][V][S] or [T][IO][V][S] in intransitive sentences, with [S] being a pronoun referring to [T]. Functionally, this made the language [S][V] or [S][IO][V] in the intransitive.
Transliteration: ŋikimbujo dombuno’kra ninio’di nerao’nkjao’nirro
Pronunciation: ŋikimbuʎo dombuno-kɹa ninio-di neɹao-nkʎao-nilo
Transcription: ngikimbuyo dombuno’kra ninio’di nerao’nkyao’nilo
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-topic cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Transliteration: Hasera’ne’Kararra nwai nirra ninutu burane’vurrini
Pronunciation: hasera-ne-Karala nwai nila ninu-tu bura-ne-vulini
Transcription: Hasera’ne’Karala nwai nila ninu’tu bura’ne’vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and she him-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and she to him brought a draught.”
Transliteration: Hasera’ne’Kararra nwai mirru nina’tu bura’ne’vurrini
Pronunciation: hasera-ne-Karala nwai milu nina-tu bura-ne-vulini
Transcription: Hasera’ne’Karala nwai milu nina’tu bura’ne’vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and I she-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and I to her brought I a draught.”
Narilo: Early Classical Sylvan
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Classical Sylvan, a descendant of Old Sylphish influenced by Unnamed dialect and Old Faerish.
Transliteration: ŋikimbujo nkjao’nerao’nilo di’ninio kra’dombuno
Pronunciation: ŋikimbuʎo kɹa-dombuno di-ninio neɹaonkʎao-nilo
Transcription: ngikimbuyo nkyao’nerao’nilo di’ninio kra’dombuno
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-topic cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Transliteration: Karaja ne’hasera’nirra nwai tu’ninu ne’bura’nirra vurrini
Pronunciation: karaja ne-hasera-nila nwai tu-ninu ne-bura-nila vulini
Transcription: Karaya ne’hasera’nila nwai tu’ninu ne’bura’nila vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and she him-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and she to him brought a draught.”
Transliteration: Hasera’ne’Kara’rra nwai mi’rru ni’na’tu bura’ne’vurri’ni
Pronunciation: hasera-ne-Karala nwai mi-lu ni-na-tu bura-ne-vuli-ni
Transcription: Hasera’ne’Kara’la nwai mi’lu ni’na’tu bura’ne’vuli’ni
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and I she-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and I to her brought I a draught.”
Narilo: Middle Classical Sylvan A
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Classical Sylvan, a descendant of Old Sylphish influenced by Unnamed dialect and Old Faerish.
Transliteration: ŋikimbujo nkjao’nerao’nilo di’ninio kra’dombuno
Pronunciation: ŋikimbuʎo kɹa-dombuno di-ninio neɹaonkʎao-nilo
Transcription: ngikimbuyo nkyao’nerao’nilo di’ninio kra’dombuno
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-topic cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Transliteration: Karaja ne’hasera’nirra nwai tu’ninu ne’bura’nirra vurrini
Pronunciation: karaja ne-hasera-nila nwai tu-ninu ne-bura-nila vulini
Transcription: Karaya ne’hasera’nil nwai tu’nin ne’bura’nil vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and she him-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and she to him brought a draught.”
Transliteration: Hasera’ne’Kara’rra nwai mi’rru ni’na’tu bura’ne’vurri’ni
Pronunciation: hasera-ne-Karala nwai mi-lu ni-na-tu bura-ne-vuli-ni
Transcription: Karaya ne’hasera’nil nwai tu’nin ne’bura’nil vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and I she-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and I to her brought I a draught.”
Narilo: Middle Classical Sylvan B
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Classical Sylvan, a descendant of Old Sylphish influenced by Unnamed dialect and Old Faerish.
Transliteration: ŋikimbujo nkjao’nerao’nilo di’ninio kra’dombuno
Pronunciation: ŋikimbuʎo kɹa-dombuno di-ninio neɹaonkʎao-nilo
Transcription: ngikimbuyo nkyao’nerao’nilo di’ninio kra’dombuno
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-topic cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Transliteration: Karaja ne’hasera’rra nwai tu’nu ne’bura’rra vurrini
Pronunciation: karaja ne-hasera-la nwai tu-nu ne-bura-la vulini
Transcription: Karaya ne’hasera’la nwai tu’nu ne’bura’na vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and she him-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and she to him brought a draught.”
Transliteration: Hasera’ne’Kara’rra nwai mi’rru ni’na’tu bura’ne’vurri’ni
Pronunciation: hasera-ne-Karala nwai mi-lu ni-na-tu bura-ne-vuli-ni
Transcription: Karaya ne’hasera’la nwai tu’nu ne’bura’la vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and I she-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and I to her brought I a draught.”
Narilo: Middle Classical Sylvan C
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Classical Sylvan, a descendant of Old Sylphish influenced by Unnamed dialect and Old Faerish.
Transliteration: ŋikimbujo nkjao’nerao’nilo di’ninio kra’dombuno
Pronunciation: ŋikimbuʎo kɹa-dombuno di-ninio neɹaonkʎao-nilo
Transcription: ngikimbuyo nkyao’nerao’nilo di’ninio kra’dombuno
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-topic cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Transliteration: Karaja ne’hasera’rra nwai tu’nu ne’bura’rra vurrini
Pronunciation: karaja ne-hasera-la nwai tu-nu ne-bura-la vulini
Transcription: Karaya ne’hasera’la nwai tu’nu ne’bura’na vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and she him-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and she to him brought a draught.”
Transliteration: Hasera’ne’Kara’rra nwai mi’rru ni’na’tu bura’ne’vurri’ni
Pronunciation: hasera-ne-Karala nwai mi-lu ni-na-tu bura-ne-vuli-ni
Transcription: Karaya ne’hasera’la nwai tu’nu ne’bura’la vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and I she-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and I to her brought I a draught.”
Narilo: Middle Sylphish
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Middle Sylphish.
Transliteration: ŋikimburro nkjao’neraon di’ninio kra’dombuno
Pronunciation: ŋikimbulo kɹa-dombuno di-ninio nkʎao-neɹaon
Transcription: ngikimbulo nkyao’neraon di’ninio kra’dombuno
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-topic cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Transliteration: Karaja ne’hasera’rra nwai tu’nu ne’bura’rra vurrini
Pronunciation: karaja ne-hasera-la nwai tu-nu ne-bura-la vulini
Transcription: Karaya ne’hasera’la nwai tu’nu ne’bura’na vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and she him-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and she to him brought a draught.”
Transliteration: Hasera’ne’Kara’rra nwai mi’rru ni’na’tu bura’ne’vurri’ni
Pronunciation: hasera-ne-Karala nwai mi-lu ni-na-tu bura-ne-vuli-ni
Transcription: Karaya ne’hasera’la nwai tu’nu ne’bura’la vulini
Gloss: Sigh-past Kara-subject and I she-to bring-past (a) draught
Translation: “Kara sighed and I to her brought I a draught.”
Na-ri-lo
Open, preformative, suffixing, OVS
Alseidic, the language of Alseids (grove woodnymphs).
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Adryadic, the language of Adryads (forest woodnymphs).
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Hamadryatic, the language of Hamadryads (tree woodnymphs).
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Melian, the language of Meliae (ash tree woodnymphs).
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Aegeirine, the language of Aegeiri (poplar woodnymphs).
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Ampeline, the language of Ampeli (vine woodnymphs).
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Balanine, the language of Balana (acorn/oak woodnymphs).
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Caryaic, the language of Caryae (nut-tree woodnymphs).
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Craneine, the language of Cranea (cornel-tree woodnymphs).
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Oreine, the language of Orea (ash-tree woodnymphs).
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Pteleine, the language of Pteleae (elm woodnymphs).
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Sukene, the language of Sukea (fig-tree woodnymphs).
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Meliadic, the language of Meliades (fruit-tree woodnymphs).
Transliteration: dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’ŋikimburro
Pronunciation: dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-ŋikimbulo
Transcription: dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’ngikimbulo
Gloss: cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Na-ri-lo
Open, preformative, suffixing, SVO
Proto-Elfish (Aldeflish, Lightelfish)
Unnamed dialect had [S][V][O] word order.
Adpositional case markings take the form of prefixes; probably due to influence from Moonelfish and/or Nightelfish.
Transliteration: ŋikimburro neraonkjao di’ninio kra’dombuno
Pronunciation: ŋikimbulo neɹaonkʎao di-ninio kɹa-dombuno
Transcription: ngikimbulo neraonkyao di’ninio kra’dombuno
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental of-things-object-all before-cause-big-object-gerund
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Old Faerish began with OVS word order, but, perhaps influenced by a SVO language such as Aldelfish, began placing topical nouns at the beginning of sentences while appending the appropriate pronouns to the verbs, having the order [T][V][S] or [T][IO][V][S] in intransitive sentences, with [S] being a pronoun referring to [T]. Functionally, this made the language [S][V] or [S][IO][V] in the intransitive. In the transitive, the sentence would begin with a topical noun [T], followed by a nominative noun [S], followed by the verb [V], to which the objective pronoun [DO] would be appended referring to the topic [T], for a [T][S][V][O] word order that was functionally [O][S][V].
Transliteration: ŋikimbujo dombunokra niniodi neraonkjao’nirro
Pronunciation: ŋikimbuʎo dombunokɹa niniodi neɹaonkʎao-nilo
Transcription: ngikimbuyo dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao’nilo
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-topic cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
An-ir-ol
Formerly-open, afformative, suffixing, OVS
Proto-Maenadic
Transliteration 1: od-ubm-on-ark in-oin-id en-oar-oajkn iŋ-ik-ubm-orr
Pronunciation: od-ubm-on-aɹk in-o.in-id en-o.aɹ-o.aʎkn iŋ-ik-ubm-ol
Transcription: od-ubm-on-ark in-o.in-id en-oar-oaykn ing-ik-ubm-ol
Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Maenadic
Transliteration 1: odumbonakr inoinid enoaroankj’iŋikumborr
Pronunciation: od-umb-on-akṛ in-o.in-id en-o.aɹ-o.ankʎiŋ-ik-umb-ol
Transcription: odumbonakr inoinid enoaroanky’ingikumbol
Gloss: Cause-big-object-gerund-before things-object-all-of exist-verb-past-evidental nothing-big-ness-subject
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
An-ir-ol
Formerly-open, afformative, suffixing, SVO
Proto-Darkelfish
Proto-Darkelfish
Transliteration 1: iŋ-ik-ubm-orr en-oar-oajkn in-oin-id en-od-ubm-on-ark
Pronunciation: iŋ-ik-ubm-ol en-o.aɹ-o.aʎkn in-o.in-id od-ubm-on-ark
Transcription: ing-ik-ubm-ol en-oar-oaykn in-oin-id od-ubm-on-ark
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Old Darkelfish
Transliteration 1: iŋikumborr enoaroankj inoinid enodumbonakr
Pronunciation: iŋikumbol eno.aɹo.ankʎ ino.inid odumbonakṛ
Transcription: ingikumbol enoaroaykn inoinid odumbonakr
Gloss: nothing-big-ness-subject exist-verb-past-evidental things-object-all-of cause-big-object-gerund-before
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Lo-ri-na
Open, preformative, prefixing, OVS
Proto-Nightelfish
Transliteration 1: kra-no-mbu-do di-nio-ni nkjao-rao-ne rro-mbu-ki-ŋi
Pronunciation: kɹa-no-mbu-do di-ni.o-di nkʎa.o-ɹa.o-ne lo-mbu-ki-ŋi
Transcription: kra-no-mbu-do di-nio-ni nkjao-rao-ne lo-mbu-ki-ngi
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Lo-ri-na
Open, preformative, prefixing, SVO
Proto-Moonelfish
Transliteration 1: rro-mbu-ki-ŋi nkjao-rao-ne di-nio-ni kra-no-mbu-do
Pronunciation: lo-mbu-ki-ŋi nkʎa.o-ɹa.o-ne di-ni.o-ni kɹa-no-mbu-do
Transcription: lo-mbu-ki-ngi nkyao-rao-ne di-nio-ni kra-no-mbu-do
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Ol-ir-an
Formerly-open, afformative, prefixing, OVS
Proto-Swartelfish
Transliteration 1: ark-on-ubm-od id-oin-in oajkn-oar-en orr-ubm-ik-iŋ
Pronunciation: aɹk-on-ubm-od id-o.in-in o.aɹkn-o.aɹ-en ol-ubm-ik-iŋ
Transcription: ark-on-ubm-od id-oin-in oajkn-oar-en ol-ubm-ik-ing
Gloss: before-gerund-object-big-cause of-all-things-object evidental-past-verb-exist subject-ness-big-none
Translation: Before the great origin of all things, there must have existed in those days a great nothingness.
Ol-ir-an
Formerly-open, afformative, prefixing, SVO
Proto-Oreadic
Transliteration 1: orr-ubm-ik-iŋ oajkn-oar-en id-oin-in ark-on-ubm-od
Pronunciation: ol-ubm-ik-iŋ o.aɹkn-o.aɹ-en id-o.in-in aɹk-on-ubm-od
Transcription: ol-ubm-ik-ing oaykn-oar-en id-oin-in ark-on-ubm-od
Gloss: subject-ness-big-none evidental-past-verb-exist of-all-things-object before-gerund-object-big-cause
Translation: A great nothingness it seems existed in the days before the great cause of all things.
Sound change 2: The Great Vowel Deletion
Sound change 2 with orthographical change 1
ba(q) or pa(q) = /ma/ > ppp = /m/
be(q) or pe(q) = /be/ > pp = /b/
bi(q) or pi(q) = /ɸi/ > qp = /ɸ/
by(q) or py(q) = /py/ > p = /p/
bu(q) or pu(q) = /βu/ > qpp = /β/
bo(q) or po(q) = /wo/ > qppp = /w/
da(q) or ta(q) = /na/ > ttt = /n/
de(q) or te(q) = /de/ > tt = /d/
di(q) or ti(q) = /si/ > qt = /s/
dy(q) or ty(q) = /ty/ > t = /t/
du(q) or tu(q) = /zu/ > qtt = /z/
do(q) or to(q) = /ro/ > qttt = /r/
dada(q) or tata(q) = /la/ > tttttt /l/
dede(q) or tete(q) = /ðe/ > ? /ð/
didi(q) or titi(q) = /ʃi/ > ? /ʃ/
dydy(q) or tyty(q) = /θy/ > ? /θ/
dudu(q) or tutu(q) = /ʒu/ > ? /ʒ/
dodo(q) or toto(q) = /rho/ > ???
ga(q) or ka(q) = /ŋa/ > kkk /ŋ/
ge(q) or ke(q) = /ge/ > kk /g/
gi(q) or ki(q) = /xi/ > qk /x/
gy(q) or ky(q) = /ky/ > k /k/
gu(q) or ku(q) = /ɣu/ > qkk /ɣ/
go(q) or ko(q) = /jo/ > qkkk /j/
New version: Ttoppppputttokqttta tttitttiotti ttteqtttaotttkqkkkao Kkkikippppputttttto. Kkkikitttopppqpppi ttttttatettttttaotttkqkkkao kkkikipppppupitttttto; pitttio kitttattttttaotttkqkkku kkkikipppppupitttttto. Qppqtttikkttti, ttteqtttiokkkue ttttttatikitttttto. Qtttoettaeqtttootttkqkkka tttittttttiottttta taokaeqtttotttkqkkkue tttittttttiotttta. Kitttikipitttotti taakaeqtttaotttkqkkkaa ttttttatikitttttto. Qtttautteqtttaotttkqkkkaa pppaeqtikitttttto. Pppaeqtikititttppppi ttteqtttiotttue tttittttttio.
Sound change 2 with orthographical change 2
Orthographical change 2 is separate and distinct from orthographical change 1. Orthrographical change 2 does not follow sequentially or build upon orthographical change 1.
ba(q) or pa(q) = /ma/ > m = /m/
be(q) or pe(q) = /be/ > ph = /b/
bi(q) or pi(q) = /ɸi/ > pp = /ɸ/
by(q) or py(q) = /py/ > p = /p/
bu(q) or pu(q) = /βu/ > phph = /β/
bo(q) or po(q) = /wo/ > mh = /w/
da(q) or ta(q) = /na/ > n = /n/
de(q) or te(q) = /de/ > th = /d/
di(q) or ti(q) = /si/ > tt = /s/
dy(q) or ty(q) = /ty/ > t = /t/
du(q) or tu(q) = /zu/ > thth = /z/
do(q) or to(q) = /ro/ > nh = /r/
dada(q) or tata(q) = /la/ > nn /l/
dede(q) or tete(q) = /ðe/ > ? /ð/
didi(q) or titi(q) = /ʃi/ > ? /ʃ/
dydy(q) or tyty(q) = /θy/ > ? /θ/
dudu(q) or tutu(q) = /ʒu/ > ? /ʒ/
dodo(q) or toto(q) = /rho/ > ???
ga(q) or ka(q) = /ŋa/ > ŋ /ŋ/
ge(q) or ke(q) = /ge/ > kh /g/
gi(q) or ki(q) = /xi/ > kk /x/
gy(q) or ky(q) = /ky/ > k /k/
gu(q) or ku(q) = /ɣu/ > khkh /ɣ/
go(q) or ko(q) = /jo/ > ŋh /j/
New version: Thomphunoknha niniothi nenhaonkŋhao Ŋikimphunno. Ŋikinommhi nnatennaonkŋhao ŋikimphupinno; pinio kinannaonkŋhu ŋikimphupinno. Phphŋhikhni, nenhioŋue nnatikinno. Nhoedaenhoonkŋha ninniontha taokaenhonkŋhue ninnionta. Kinikipinothi taakaenhaonkŋhaa nnatikinno. Nhaudenhaonkŋhaa maettikinno. Maettikitinmpi nenhionue ninnio.
Sound change 2 with orthographical change 3
Orthographical change 3 follows sequentially from and builds upon orthographical change 2.
m = /m/
ph = /b/ > b = /b/
pp = /ɸ/ > ph = /ɸ/
p = /p/
phph = /β/ > bh = /β/
mh = /w/ > mh /w/
n = /n/
th = /d/ > d = /d/
tt = /s/ > s = /s/
t = /t/
thth = /z/ > z = /z/
nh = /r/
nn /l/ > = l /l/
? /ð/ > dh = /ð/
? /ʃ/ > sh /ʃ/
? /θ/ > th = /θ/
? /ʒ/ > zh = /ʒ/
???
ŋ /ŋ/
kh = /g/ > g = /g/
kk = /x/ > kh = /x/
k = /k/
khkh = /ɣ/ > gh /ɣ/
ŋh = /j/ > lh = /j/
Newer version: Dombunoknha niniodi nenhaonklhao-Ŋikimbulo. Ŋikinommhi latelaonklhao-Ŋikimbupilo; pinio kinalaonklhu-ŋikimbupilo. Bhlhigni, nenhioŋue-latikilo. Nhoedaenhoonklhoa-nilionda taokaenhoonklhue-nilionta. Kinikipinodi taakaenhaonklhaa-latikilo. Nhaudenhaonklhaa-maesikilo. Maesikitinompi nenhionue-nilio.
Sound change 2 with orthographical change 4
Orthographical change 4 follows sequentially from and builds upon orthographical change 3.
m = /m/
b = /b/
ph = /ɸ/ > f = /ɸ/
p = /p/
bh = /β/ > v = /β/
mh /w/ > w /w/
n = /n/
d = /d/
s = /s/
t = /t/
z = /z/
nh = /r/ > r = /r/
l /l/
dh = /ð/ > ð = /ð/
sh /ʃ/ > ? = /ʃ/
> th = /θ/ > þ = /θ/
zh = /ʒ/ > ? = /ʒ/
???
ŋ /ŋ/
g = /g/
kh = /x/ > x = /x/
k = /k/
gh /ɣ/ > ? = /ɣ/
lh = /j/ > y = /j/
Newerer version: Dombunokra niniodi neraonkyao-Ŋikimbulo. Ŋikinomwi latelaonkyao-Ŋikimbupilo; pinio kinalaonkyu-ŋikimbupilo. Vyigni, nerioŋue-latikilo. Roedaeroonkyoa-nilionda taokaeroonkyue-nilionta. Kinikipinodi taakaeraonkyaa-latikilo. Rauderaonkyaa-maesikilo. Maesikitinompi nerionue-nilio.
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D. J. Scott’s Visual Arts
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About D. J. Scott
⚑ D. J. Scott’s Artwork |
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