Hyperdomains

Prebiota (“Pre-Life”)
Pseudobiota (“Quasi-Life”)
Eubiota (“True Life”)


Contents

I. Elements
III. Macromolecules
III.a. Nucleic Acids
I.a-1.) Nucleotides
I.a-1A.) Nucleosides
I.a-1Aα.) Nucleobases
I.a-1Aα1.) Purine Bases
I.a-1Aα1i.) Adenine
I.a-1Aα1ii.) Guanine
I.a-1Aα2.) Pyrimidine Bases
I.a-1Aα2i.) Cytosine
I.a-1Aα2ii.) Uracil
I.a-1Aα2iii.) Thymine
I.a-1Aβ.) Pentoses
I.a-1Aβ1.) Ribose
I.a-1Aβ2.) Deoxyribose
I.a-1Aγ.) Ribonucleosides
I.a-1Aγ1.) Purine Ribonucleosides
I.a-1Aγ1i.) Adenosine
I.a-1Aγ1ii.) Guanosine
I.a-1Aγ2.) Pyrimidine Ribonucleosides
I.a-1Aγ2i.) Cytidine
I.a-1Aγ2ii.) Uridine
I.a-1Aδ.) Deoxyribonucleosides
I.a-1Aδ1.) Purine Deoxyribonucleosides
I.a-1Aδ1i.) Deoxyadenosine
I.a-1Aδ1ii.) Deoxyguanosine
I.a-1Aδ2.) Pyrimidine Deoxyribonucleosides
I.a-1Aδ2i.) Deoxycitidine
I.a-1Aδ2ii.) Thymidine
I.a-1B.) Phosphates
I.a-1C.) Ribonucleotides
I.a-1Cα.) Purine Ribonucleotides
I.a-1Cα1.) Adenosine Monophosphate
I.a-1Cα2.) Guanosine Monophosphate
I.a-1Cβ.) Pyrmidine Ribonucleotides
I.a-1Cβ1.) Cytidine Monophosphate
I.a-1Cβ2.) Uridine Monophosphate
I.a-1D.) Deoxyribonucleotides
I.a-1Dα.) Purine Deoxyribonucleotides
I.a-1Dα1.) Deoxyadenosine Monophosphate
I.a-1Dα2.) Deoxyguanosine Monophosphate
I.a-1Dβ.) Pyrmidine Deoxyribonucleotides
I.a-1Dβ1.) Deoxycytidine Monophosphate
I.a-1Dβ2.) Thymidine Monophosphate
I.a-2.) Ribonucleic Acid
I.a-3.) Deoxyribonucleic Acid
III.a. Proteins


Articles

“Mitochondrigeny”
The origin and evolution of the Mitochondrion.

Evolution: Reptiles to Mammals
The evolutionary transition from synapsid reptiles to mammals.

Mechanisms for Change: Mutation
What mutations are, what they do, and what they can tell us.

Mechanisms for Change: Natural Selection
About Natural Selection.

Convergence or Introgression?
Could the mosaic of characteristics seen in fossil and extant hominids be evidence of past hybridization?

“Through a Glass, Darkly”
Dinosaurian hominids.


Subsections

Mammarama
It’s lactastic.

The Primatorium
Go primal.

The Hominid Homepage
For all your filthy monkey-man needs.

The Hive
About the ethology of the human animal.

Religion & Spirituality
Humans and their imaginary friends.


Lists

Fossil Hominid Specimens


Links


Browsers


D. J. Scott

☣ Ingredients of Life ☣

Biochemistry
Copyright © 2000-2017 by Dustin Jon Scott
[Last Update: November 23rd, 2017]




I.a-2.) What is Life Made of?

Ingredients of Life

Nucleic Acids
Constituents / Ingredients of Nucleic Acid:
Nucleotides —
Constituents / Ingredients of Nucleotide — A nucleotide consists of a nucleoside and a phosphate group.
Nucleosides —
Constituents / Ingredients of Nucleoside — A nucleoside consists of a nitrogenous base and a five-carbon sugar.
Five-Carbon Sugar —
Ribose — C5H10O5 or H-(C=O)-(CHOH)4-H
Deoxyribose — H-(C=O)-(CH2)-(CHOH)3-H
Nitrogenous Base
Constituents / Ingredients of Nitrogenous Base:
Derivatives / Varieties of Nitrogenous Base:
Purines (C5H4N4) Bases —
Guanine — C5H5N5O
Adenine — C5H5N5
Pyrimidines (C4H4N2) Bases —
Cytosine — C4H5N3O
Uracil —
Derivatives / Varieties of Nucleoside
Ribonucleoside = + ribose
[A] Adenosine = n (= adenine) + s (= ribose)
[C] Cytidine = n (= cytosine) + s (= ribose)
[G] Guanosine = n (= guanine) + s (= ribose)
[U] Uridine = n (= uracil) + s (= ribose)
Deoxyribonucleoside = nucleoside + deoxyribose
[dA] Deoxyadenosine = n (= adenine) + s (= deoxyribose)
[dC] Deoxycytidine = n (= cytosine) + s (= deoxyribose)
[dG] Deoxyguanosine = n (= guanine) + s (= deoxyribose)
[T] Thymidine = n (= thymine) + s (= deoxyribose)
Phosphate group
Derivatives / Varieties of Nucleotide:
[RN] Ribonucleotide = ribonucleoside + phosphate group(s)
[NMP] Ribonucleoside Monophosphate = ribonucleoside + 1 phosphate group
[AMP] Adenosine Monophosphate = adenosine + 1 phosphate group
[GMP] Guanosine Monophosphate = guanosine + 1 phosphate group
[TMP] Thymidine Monophosphate = thymidine + 1 phosphate group
[CMP] Cytidine Monophosphate = cytidine + 1 phosphate group
[NDP] Nucleoside Diphosphate = ribonucleoside + 2 phosphate groups
[ADP] Adenosine Diphosphate = adenosine + 2 phosphate groups
[GDP] Guanosine Diphosphate = guanosine + 2 phosphate groups
[TDP] Thymidine Diphosphate = thymidine + 2 phosphate groups
[CDP] Cytidine Diphosphate = cytidine + 2 phosphate groups
Triphosphates
[ATP] Adenosine Triphosphate
[GTP] Guanosine Triphosphate
[TTP] Thymidine Triphosphate
[CTP] Cytidine Triphosphate
[DN] Deoxyribonucleotide
Derivatives / Varieties of Nucleic Acid:
[RNA] Ribonucleic Acid — Words go here.
Ribonucleotide —
Constituents / Ingredients of Ribonucleotide:
Ribonucleoside
Constituents / Ingredients of Ribonucleoside —
Ribose Sugar —
Constituents / Ingredients of Ribose Sugar:
Nitrogenous Bases —
Purines —
Guanine —
Adenine —
Pyrimidines
Cytosine —
Uracil —
Derivatives / Varieties of Ribonucleoside
Purine Ribonucleosides
[A] Adenosine — Adenine+ribose
[G] Guanosine — Guanine+ribose
Pyrmidine Ribonucleosides
[C] Cytidine — Cytosine+ribose
[U] Uridine — Uracil+ribose
Phosphate Group
Derivatives / Varieties of Ribonucleotide:
[DNA] Deoxyribonucleic Acid
[DN] Deoxyribonucleotide
Constituents / Ingreduents of Deoxyribonucleotide
Deoxyribonucleoside
Constituents / Ingredients of Deoxyribonucleoside — A deoxyribonucleoside consists of a nitrogenous base and a deoxyribose sugar.
Deoxyribose Sugar
Nuclobases
Purines
Guanine
Adenine
Pyrimidines
Cytosine
Thymine
Derivatives / Varieties of Deoxyribonucleoside —
[dA] Deoxyadenosine = n (= adenine) + s (= deoxyribose)
[dC] Deoxycytidine
[dG] Deoxyguanosine
[T] Thymidine
Phosphate Group —
Derivatives / Varieties of Deoxyribonucleotide
[dNMP] Deoxynucleoside Monophosphate
[dAMP] Deoxyadenosine Monophosphate
[dGMP] Deoxyguanosine Monophosphate
[dTMP] Deoxythymidine Monophosphate
[dCMP] Deoxycytidine Monophosphate
[dNDP] Deoxynucleoside Diphosphate
[dADP] Deoxyadenosine Diphosphate = deoxyadenosine + 2 phosphate groups
[dGDP] Deoxyguanosine Diphosphate = deoxyguanosine + 2 phosphate groups
[dTDP] Deoxythymidine Diphosphate = deoxythymidine + 2 phosphate groups
[dCDP] Deoxcytidine Diphosphate = deoxycytidine + 2 phosphate groups
[dNTP] Deoxynucleoside Triphosphate
[dATP] Deoxyadenosine Triphosphate = deoxyadenosine + 3 phosphate groups
[dGTP] Deoxyguanosine Triphosphate = deoxyguanosine + 3 phosphate groups
[dTTP] Deoxythymidine Triphosphate = deoxythymidine + 3 phosphate groups
[dCTP] Deoxycytidine Triphosphate = deoxycytidine + 3 phosphate groups

Introduction

Biochemistry may be regarded as a form of geochemistry, although there is mounting evidence that the earliest forms of biochemistry, the synthesis of the first organic molecules, occured before the formation of the Earth.



I. Elements



III. Macromolecules



I.a-1Aα1.) Purine Bases

Types:
I.a-1Aα1i.) Adenine
I.a-1Aα1ii.) Guanine



I.a-1Aα1i.) Adenine



I.a-1Aα1ii.) Guanine



I.a-1Aα2i.) Cytosine



I.a-1Aα2ii.) Uracil



I.a-1Aα2iii.) Thymine



I.a-1Aβ.) Pentose (5 Carbon Sugar)

Types:
I.a-1Aβ1.) Ribose
I.a-1Aβ2.) Deoxyribose



I.a-1Aβ1.) Ribose



I.a-1Aβ2.) Deoxyribose



I.a-1Aγ1.) Purine Ribonucleosides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα1.) Purine Nucleobase
I.a-1Aβ1.) Ribose

Types:
I.a-1Aγ1i.) Adenosine
I.a-1Aγ1ii.) Guanosine



I.a-1Aγ1i.) Adenosine

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα1i.) Adenine
I.a-1Aβ1.) Ribose



I.a-1Aγ1ii.) Guanosine

Ingredients:
Guanine
I.a-1Aβ1.) Ribose



I.a-1Aγ2.) Pyrimidine Ribonucleosides

Types:
I.a-1Aγ2i.) Cytidine
I.a-1Aγ2ii.) Uridine



I.a-1Aγ2i.) Cytidine

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα2i.) Cytosine
I.a-1Aβ1.) Ribose



I.a-1Aγ2ii.) Uridine

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα2ii.) Uracil
I.a-1Aβ1.) Ribose



I.a-1Aδ2.) Pyrimidine Deoxyribonucleosides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα2.) Pyrmidine Nucleobase
I.a-1Aβ2.) Deoxyribose

Types:
I.a-1Aδ2i.) Deoxycytidine
I.a-1Aδ2ii.) Thymidine



I.a-1B.) Phosphates



I.a-1Cα.) Purine Ribonucleotides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aγ1.) Purine Ribonucleosides
I.a-1B.) Phosphates

Types:
I.a-1Cα1.) Adenosine Monophosphate
I.a-1Cα2.) Guanosine Monophosphate



I.a-1Cβ.) Pyrmidine Ribonucleotides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aγ2.) Pyrimidine Ribonucleosides
I.a-1B.) Phosphates

Types:
I.a-1Cβ1.) Cytidine Monophosphate
I.a-1Cβ2.) Uridine Monophosphate



I.a-1Dα.) Purine Deoxyribonucleotides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aδ1.) Purine Deoxyribonucleosides
I.a-1B.) Phosphates

Types:
I.a-1Dα1.) Deoxyadenosine Monophosphate
I.a-1Dα2.) Deoxyguanosine Monophosphate



I.a-2.) Ribonucleic Acid

Ingredients:
I.a-1C.) Ribonucleotides

Types:
mRNA = Messenger RNA
rRNA = Ribosomal RNA
tRNA = Transfer RNA
sRNA

1st Base2nd Base3rd Base
UCAG
UUUUPhe
Phenylalanine
UCUSer
Serine
UAUTyr
Tyrosine
UGUCys
Cysteine
U
UUCUCCUAC UGCC
UUALeu
Leucine
UCA UAA[Stop] UGA[Stop] A
UUGUCGUAG[Stop] UGGTrp
Tryptophan
G
CCUUCCUPro
Proline
CAUHis
Histidine
CGUArg
Arginine
U
CUCCCCCACCGCC
CUACCACAAGln
Glutamine
CGAA
CUGCCGCAGCGGG
AAUUIle
Isoleucine
ACU Thr
Threonine
AAUAsn
Asparagine
AGUSer
Serine
U
AUCACCAACAGCC
AUAACAAAALys
Lysine
AGAArg
Arginine
A
AUG[Start]/Met
Methionine
ACGAAGAGGG
GGUUVal
Valine
GCUAla
Alanine
GAUAsp
Aspartic Acid
GGUGly
Glycine
U
GUCGCCGACGGCC
GUAGCAGAAGlu
Glutamic Acid
GGAA
GUGGCGGAGGGGG


I.a-2A.) Messenger RNA

Ingredients:
I.a-1C.) Ribonucleotides

Types:
Pre-mRNA
Mature mRNA

Messenger RNA is a transcription of the DNA molecule created when RNA polymerase attaches a promoter on the DNA strand. The RNA polymerase interrupts the hydrogen bonds between base-pairs and thus "unzips" or separates the double helix from the promoter to the terminator, each helix in this area effectively (albeit temporarily) becoming its own single-stranded portion of the larger DNA molecule. (So don't think the whole DNA strand comes apart!)



III.a. Proteins



I.a-1.)



III.a. Carbodydrates



I.a-1.)



III.a. Lipids



I.a-1.)



Works Cited