☣ Ingredients of Life ☣

Biochemistry

Copyright © 2000-2017 by Dustin Jon Scott
[Last Update: November 23^rd, 2017]

I.a-2.) What is Life Made of?

Ingredients of Life

Nucleic Acids —

Constituents / Ingredients of Nucleic Acid:

Nucleotides —

Constituents / Ingredients of Nucleotide — A nucleotide consists of a nucleoside and a phosphate group.

Nucleosides —

Constituents / Ingredients of Nucleoside — A nucleoside consists of a nitrogenous base and a five-carbon sugar.

Five-Carbon Sugar —

Ribose — C₅H₁₀O₅ or H-(C=O)-(CHOH)₄-H

Deoxyribose — H-(C=O)-(CH₂)-(CHOH)₃-H

Nitrogenous Base

Constituents / Ingredients of Nitrogenous Base:

Derivatives / Varieties of Nitrogenous Base:

Purines (C₅H₄N₄) Bases —

Guanine — C₅H₅N₅O

Adenine — C₅H₅N₅

Pyrimidines (C₄H₄N₂) Bases —

Cytosine — C₄H₅N₃O

Uracil —

Derivatives / Varieties of Nucleoside

Ribonucleoside = + ribose

[A] Adenosine = n (= adenine) + s (= ribose)

[C] Cytidine = n (= cytosine) + s (= ribose)

[G] Guanosine = n (= guanine) + s (= ribose)

[U] Uridine = n (= uracil) + s (= ribose)

Deoxyribonucleoside = nucleoside + deoxyribose

[dA] Deoxyadenosine = n (= adenine) + s (= deoxyribose)

[dC] Deoxycytidine = n (= cytosine) + s (= deoxyribose)

[dG] Deoxyguanosine = n (= guanine) + s (= deoxyribose)

[T] Thymidine = n (= thymine) + s (= deoxyribose)

Phosphate group —

Derivatives / Varieties of Nucleotide:

[RN] Ribonucleotide = ribonucleoside + phosphate group(s)

[NMP] Ribonucleoside Monophosphate = ribonucleoside + 1 phosphate group

[AMP] Adenosine Monophosphate = adenosine + 1 phosphate group

[GMP] Guanosine Monophosphate = guanosine + 1 phosphate group

[TMP] Thymidine Monophosphate = thymidine + 1 phosphate group

[CMP] Cytidine Monophosphate = cytidine + 1 phosphate group

[NDP] Nucleoside Diphosphate = ribonucleoside + 2 phosphate groups

[ADP] Adenosine Diphosphate = adenosine + 2 phosphate groups

[GDP] Guanosine Diphosphate = guanosine + 2 phosphate groups

[TDP] Thymidine Diphosphate = thymidine + 2 phosphate groups

[CDP] Cytidine Diphosphate = cytidine + 2 phosphate groups

Triphosphates —

[ATP] Adenosine Triphosphate

[GTP] Guanosine Triphosphate

[TTP] Thymidine Triphosphate

[CTP] Cytidine Triphosphate

[DN] Deoxyribonucleotide

Derivatives / Varieties of Nucleic Acid:

[RNA] Ribonucleic Acid — Words go here.

Ribonucleotide —

Constituents / Ingredients of Ribonucleotide:

Ribonucleoside

Constituents / Ingredients of Ribonucleoside —

Ribose Sugar —

Constituents / Ingredients of Ribose Sugar:

Nitrogenous Bases —

Purines —

Guanine —

Adenine —

Pyrimidines

Cytosine —

Uracil —

Derivatives / Varieties of Ribonucleoside

Purine Ribonucleosides

[A] Adenosine — Adenine+ribose

[G] Guanosine — Guanine+ribose

Pyrmidine Ribonucleosides

[C] Cytidine — Cytosine+ribose

[U] Uridine — Uracil+ribose

Phosphate Group —

Derivatives / Varieties of Ribonucleotide:

[DNA] Deoxyribonucleic Acid —

[DN] Deoxyribonucleotide —

Constituents / Ingreduents of Deoxyribonucleotide

Deoxyribonucleoside —

Constituents / Ingredients of Deoxyribonucleoside — A deoxyribonucleoside consists of a nitrogenous base and a deoxyribose sugar.

Deoxyribose Sugar —

Nuclobases —

Purines —

Guanine —

Adenine —

Pyrimidines —

Cytosine —

Thymine —

Derivatives / Varieties of Deoxyribonucleoside —

[dA] Deoxyadenosine = n (= adenine) + s (= deoxyribose)

[dC] Deoxycytidine —

[dG] Deoxyguanosine —

[T] Thymidine —

Phosphate Group —

Derivatives / Varieties of Deoxyribonucleotide —

[dNMP] Deoxynucleoside Monophosphate

[dAMP] Deoxyadenosine Monophosphate

[dGMP] Deoxyguanosine Monophosphate

[dTMP] Deoxythymidine Monophosphate

[dCMP] Deoxycytidine Monophosphate

[dNDP] Deoxynucleoside Diphosphate —

[dADP] Deoxyadenosine Diphosphate = deoxyadenosine + 2 phosphate groups

[dGDP] Deoxyguanosine Diphosphate = deoxyguanosine + 2 phosphate groups

[dTDP] Deoxythymidine Diphosphate = deoxythymidine + 2 phosphate groups

[dCDP] Deoxcytidine Diphosphate = deoxycytidine + 2 phosphate groups

[dNTP] Deoxynucleoside Triphosphate —

[dATP] Deoxyadenosine Triphosphate = deoxyadenosine + 3 phosphate groups

[dGTP] Deoxyguanosine Triphosphate = deoxyguanosine + 3 phosphate groups

[dTTP] Deoxythymidine Triphosphate = deoxythymidine + 3 phosphate groups

[dCTP] Deoxycytidine Triphosphate = deoxycytidine + 3 phosphate groups

Introduction

Biochemistry may be regarded as a form of geochemistry, although there is mounting evidence that the earliest forms of biochemistry, the synthesis of the first organic molecules, occured before the formation of the Earth.

I. Elements

III. Macromolecules

III.a. Nucleic Acids

Ingredients:
I.a-1.) Nucleotides

Types:
I.a-2.) Ribonucleic Acid
I.a-3.) Deoxyribonucleic Acid

I.a-1.) Nucleotides

Nucleoside + phosphate group(s)

Ingredients:
I.a-1A.) Nucleosides
I.a-1B.) Phosphates

Types:
I.a-1C.) Ribonucleotides
I.a-1D.) Deoxyribonucleotides

I.a-1A.) Nucleoside

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα.) Nucleobase
I.a-1Aβ.) 5 Carbon Sugar

Types:
I.a-1Aγ.) Ribonucleosides
I.a-1Aδ.) Deoxyribonucleosides

I.a-1Aα.) Nucleobase

Types:
I.a-1Aα₁.) Purine Base
I.a-1Aα₂.) Pyrmidine Base

I.a-1Aα₁.) Purine Bases

Types:
I.a-1Aα₁ⁱ.) Adenine
I.a-1Aα₁ⁱⁱ.) Guanine

I.a-1Aα₁ⁱ.) Adenine

I.a-1Aα₁ⁱⁱ.) Guanine

I.a-1Aα₂.) Pyrimidine Bases

Types:
I.a-1Aα₂ⁱ.) Cytosine
I.a-1Aα₂ⁱⁱ.) Uracil
I.a-1Aα₂ⁱⁱⁱ.) Thymine

I.a-1Aα₂ⁱ.) Cytosine

I.a-1Aα₂ⁱⁱ.) Uracil

I.a-1Aα₂ⁱⁱⁱ.) Thymine

I.a-1Aβ.) Pentose (5 Carbon Sugar)

Types:
I.a-1Aβ₁.) Ribose
I.a-1Aβ₂.) Deoxyribose

I.a-1Aβ₁.) Ribose

I.a-1Aβ₂.) Deoxyribose

I.a-1Aγ.) Ribonucleosides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα.) Nucleobase
I.a-1Aβ₁.) Ribose

Types:
I.a-1Aγ₁.) Purine Ribonucleosides
I.a-1Aγ₂.) Pyrmidine Ribonucleosides

I.a-1Aγ₁.) Purine Ribonucleosides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα₁.) Purine Nucleobase
I.a-1Aβ₁.) Ribose

Types:
I.a-1Aγ₁ⁱ.) Adenosine
I.a-1Aγ₁ⁱⁱ.) Guanosine

I.a-1Aγ₁ⁱ.) Adenosine

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα₁ⁱ.) Adenine
I.a-1Aβ₁.) Ribose

I.a-1Aγ₁ⁱⁱ.) Guanosine

Ingredients:
Guanine
I.a-1Aβ₁.) Ribose

I.a-1Aγ₂.) Pyrimidine Ribonucleosides

Types:
I.a-1Aγ₂ⁱ.) Cytidine
I.a-1Aγ₂ⁱⁱ.) Uridine

I.a-1Aγ₂ⁱ.) Cytidine

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα₂ⁱ.) Cytosine
I.a-1Aβ₁.) Ribose

I.a-1Aγ₂ⁱⁱ.) Uridine

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα₂ⁱⁱ.) Uracil
I.a-1Aβ₁.) Ribose

I.a-1Aδ.) Deoxyribonucleosides

Types:
I.a-1Aδ₁.) Purine Deoxyribonucleosides
I.a-1Aδ₂.) Pyrmidine Deoxyribonucleosides

I.a-1Aδ₁.) Purine Deoxyribonucleosides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα₁.) Purine Nucleobase
I.a-1Aβ₂.) Deoxyribose

Types:
I.a-1Aδ₁ⁱ.) Deoxyadenosine
I.a-1Aδ₁ⁱⁱ.) Deoxyguanosine

I.a-1Aδ₁ⁱ.) Deoxyadenosine

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα₁ⁱ.) Adenine
I.a-1Aβ₂.) Deoxyribose

I.a-1Aδ₁ⁱⁱ.) Deoxyguanosine

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα₁ⁱⁱ.) Guanine
I.a-1Aβ₂.) Deoxyribose

I.a-1Aδ₂.) Pyrimidine Deoxyribonucleosides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα₂.) Pyrmidine Nucleobase
I.a-1Aβ₂.) Deoxyribose

Types:
I.a-1Aδ₂ⁱ.) Deoxycytidine
I.a-1Aδ₂ⁱⁱ.) Thymidine

I.a-1Aδ₂ⁱ.) Deoxycitidine

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα₂.) Cytosine
I.a-1Aβ₂.) Deoxyribose

I.a-1Aδ₂ⁱⁱ.) Thymidine

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aα₂.) Thymine
I.a-1Aβ₂.) Deoxyribose

I.a-1B.) Phosphates

I.a-1C.) Ribonucleotides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aγ.) Ribonucleosides
I.a-1B.) Phosphates

Types:
I.a-1Cα.) Purine Ribonucleotides
I.a-1Cβ.) Pyrmidine Ribonucleotides

I.a-1Cα.) Purine Ribonucleotides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aγ₁.) Purine Ribonucleosides
I.a-1B.) Phosphates

Types:
I.a-1Cα₁.) Adenosine Monophosphate
I.a-1Cα₂.) Guanosine Monophosphate

I.a-1Cβ.) Pyrmidine Ribonucleotides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aγ₂.) Pyrimidine Ribonucleosides
I.a-1B.) Phosphates

Types:
I.a-1Cβ₁.) Cytidine Monophosphate
I.a-1Cβ₂.) Uridine Monophosphate

I.a-1D.) Deoxyribonucleotides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aδ.) Deoxyribonucleosides
I.a-1B.) Phosphates

Types:
I.a-1Dα.) Purine Deoxyribonucleotides
I.a-1Dβ.) Pyrmidine Deoxyribonucleotides

I.a-1Dα.) Purine Deoxyribonucleotides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aδ₁.) Purine Deoxyribonucleosides
I.a-1B.) Phosphates

Types:
I.a-1Dα₁.) Deoxyadenosine Monophosphate
I.a-1Dα₂.) Deoxyguanosine Monophosphate

I.a-1Cβ.) Pyrmidine Deoxyribonucleotides

Ingredients:
I.a-1Aδ₂.) Pyrimidine Deoxyribonucleosides
I.a-1B.) Phosphates

Types:
I.a-1Dβ₁.) Deoxyytidine Monophosphate
I.a-1Dβ₂.) Thymidine Monophosphate

I.a-2.) Ribonucleic Acid

Ingredients:
I.a-1C.) Ribonucleotides

Types:
mRNA = Messenger RNA
rRNA = Ribosomal RNA
tRNA = Transfer RNA
sRNA

1st Base	2nd Base								3rd Base
1st Base	U		C		A		G		3rd Base
U	UUU	Phe Phenylalanine	UCU	Ser Serine	UAU	Tyr Tyrosine	UGU	Cys Cysteine	U
	UUC	Phe Phenylalanine	UCC		UAC	Tyr Tyrosine	UGC	Cys Cysteine	C
	UUA	Leu Leucine	UCA		UAA	[Stop]	UGA	[Stop]	A
	UUG		UCG		UAG	[Stop]	UGG	Trp Tryptophan	G
C	CUU		CCU	Pro Proline	CAU	His Histidine	CGU	Arg Arginine	U
	CUC		CCC		CAC	His Histidine	CGC		C
	CUA		CCA		CAA	Gln Glutamine	CGA		A
	CUG		CCG		CAG	Gln Glutamine	CGG		G
A	AUU	Ile Isoleucine	ACU	Thr Threonine	AAU	Asn Asparagine	AGU	Ser Serine	U
	AUC		ACC		AAC	Asn Asparagine	AGC	Ser Serine	C
	AUA		ACA		AAA	Lys Lysine	AGA	Arg Arginine	A
	AUG	[Start]/Met Methionine	ACG		AAG	Lys Lysine	AGG	Arg Arginine	G
G	GUU	Val Valine	GCU	Ala Alanine	GAU	Asp Aspartic Acid	GGU	Gly Glycine	U
	GUC		GCC		GAC	Asp Aspartic Acid	GGC		C
	GUA		GCA		GAA	Glu Glutamic Acid	GGA		A
	GUG		GCG		GAG	Glu Glutamic Acid	GGG		G

I.a-2A.) Messenger RNA

Ingredients:
I.a-1C.) Ribonucleotides

Types:
Pre-mRNA
Mature mRNA

Messenger RNA is a transcription of the DNA molecule created when RNA polymerase attaches a promoter on the DNA strand. The RNA polymerase interrupts the hydrogen bonds between base-pairs and thus "unzips" or separates the double helix from the promoter to the terminator, each helix in this area effectively (albeit temporarily) becoming its own single-stranded portion of the larger DNA molecule. (So don't think the whole DNA strand comes apart!)

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☣ Ingredients of Life ☣

Biochemistry

Copyright © 2000-2017 by Dustin Jon Scott [Last Update: November 23rd, 2017]

I.a-2.) What is Life Made of?

Introduction

I. Elements

III. Macromolecules

III.a. Nucleic Acids

I.a-1.) Nucleotides

I.a-1A.) Nucleoside

I.a-1Aα.) Nucleobase

I.a-1Aα1.) Purine Bases

I.a-1Aα1i.) Adenine

I.a-1Aα1ii.) Guanine

I.a-1Aα2.) Pyrimidine Bases

I.a-1Aα2i.) Cytosine

I.a-1Aα2ii.) Uracil

I.a-1Aα2iii.) Thymine

I.a-1Aβ.) Pentose (5 Carbon Sugar)

I.a-1Aβ1.) Ribose

I.a-1Aβ2.) Deoxyribose

I.a-1Aγ.) Ribonucleosides

I.a-1Aγ1.) Purine Ribonucleosides

I.a-1Aγ1i.) Adenosine

I.a-1Aγ1ii.) Guanosine

I.a-1Aγ2.) Pyrimidine Ribonucleosides

I.a-1Aγ2i.) Cytidine

I.a-1Aγ2ii.) Uridine

I.a-1Aδ.) Deoxyribonucleosides

I.a-1Aδ1.) Purine Deoxyribonucleosides

I.a-1Aδ1i.) Deoxyadenosine

I.a-1Aδ1ii.) Deoxyguanosine

I.a-1Aδ2.) Pyrimidine Deoxyribonucleosides

I.a-1Aδ2i.) Deoxycitidine

I.a-1Aδ2ii.) Thymidine

I.a-1B.) Phosphates

I.a-1C.) Ribonucleotides

I.a-1Cα.) Purine Ribonucleotides

I.a-1Cβ.) Pyrmidine Ribonucleotides

I.a-1D.) Deoxyribonucleotides

I.a-1Dα.) Purine Deoxyribonucleotides

I.a-1Cβ.) Pyrmidine Deoxyribonucleotides

I.a-2.) Ribonucleic Acid

I.a-2A.) Messenger RNA

I.a-2A.) Ribosomal RNA

I.a-3.) Deoxyribonucleic Acid

III.a. Proteins

I.a-1.)

III.a. Carbodydrates

I.a-1.)

III.a. Lipids

I.a-1.)

Works Cited

Copyright © 2000-2017 by Dustin Jon Scott
[Last Update: November 23^rd, 2017]

I.a-1Aα₁.) Purine Bases

I.a-1Aα₁ⁱ.) Adenine

I.a-1Aα₁ⁱⁱ.) Guanine

I.a-1Aα₂.) Pyrimidine Bases

I.a-1Aα₂ⁱ.) Cytosine

I.a-1Aα₂ⁱⁱ.) Uracil

I.a-1Aα₂ⁱⁱⁱ.) Thymine

I.a-1Aβ₁.) Ribose

I.a-1Aβ₂.) Deoxyribose

I.a-1Aγ₁.) Purine Ribonucleosides

I.a-1Aγ₁ⁱ.) Adenosine

I.a-1Aγ₁ⁱⁱ.) Guanosine

I.a-1Aγ₂.) Pyrimidine Ribonucleosides

I.a-1Aγ₂ⁱ.) Cytidine

I.a-1Aγ₂ⁱⁱ.) Uridine

I.a-1Aδ₁.) Purine Deoxyribonucleosides

I.a-1Aδ₁ⁱ.) Deoxyadenosine

I.a-1Aδ₁ⁱⁱ.) Deoxyguanosine

I.a-1Aδ₂.) Pyrimidine Deoxyribonucleosides

I.a-1Aδ₂ⁱ.) Deoxycitidine

I.a-1Aδ₂ⁱⁱ.) Thymidine