The Palæoboreanica
Root system
Root Construction
Introduction
III.b-3.) Nominal Vocality
Nouns have only five voices, a far simpler vocal paradigm than that of verbs. The BLANK voice typically indicates some sort of taxonym.
- Receptive —
- radalle / ɹadalle / — “That which is lit or brightened:”
- Active —
- radelle / ɹadɛlle / — “That which lights: a candle or lanthorn”
- Descriptive —
- radille / ɹadɪlle / — “That which is light / that which shines/radiates: a light”
- Agentive —
- radulle / ɹadʊlle / — “That which lights something[s]: a torch or splint”
- Causative —
- radolle / ɹadɔlle / — “That which causes [something[s]] to light: a flame”
III.b-4.) Nominal Number
- Singular —
- radille / ɹadɪlle / — “A light (unmarked); One light”
- Dual —
- radialle / ɹadɪalle / — “Two lights”
- Trial —
- radielle / ɹadɪɛlle / — “Three lights”
- Paucal —
- radiille / ɹadɪ:lle / — “Some lights”
- Plural —
- radiulle / ɹadɪʊlle / — “Many lights”
- Mass —
- radiolle / ɹadiʊlle / — “Light (referring to the non-quantifiable substance)”
- Null singular —
- radilŋe / ɹadɪlɲje / — “No light; No one light; Not one light”
- Null dual —
- radialŋe / ɹadɪalɲje / — “No two lights”
- Null trial —
- radielŋe / ɹadɪlɲje / — “No three lights”
- Null plural —
- radiilŋe / ɹadɪ:lɲje / — “No lights”
- Paucal by null —
- radiulŋe / ɹadɪʊlɲje / — “Not many lights”
- Null mass —
- radiolŋe / ɹadiʊlɲje / — “No light” (referring to the lack of non-quantified substance)
III.b-5.) Nominal Derivations
- Zero —
- Radille / ɹadɪlle / — Light
- Diminutive —
- Radip[p]ille / ɹadɪpɪlle / — Little light; point of light
- Augmentative —
- Radimbille / ɹadɪmbɪlle / — Great light
- Abilitative —
- Radibhlhille / ɹadɪvjɪlle / — That which is able to be light; lightable
- Negative —
- Radiŋille / ɹadɪŋɪlle / — That which is without light; lightless
- Double Negative —
- Radiŋilŋe / ɹadɪŋɪlɲje / — That which is without lightlessness; without darkness (or used ironically to mean dark or lightless)
- Pejorative —
- Radilgille / ɹadɪlgɪlle / — Fucking light
- Repletive —
- Radissille / ɹadɪsɪlle / — That which is full of light; lightful
- Reflective —
- Radic[c]ille / ɹadɪkɪlle / — Light-like (that which is light-like)
- Zero —
- Radille / ɹadɪlle / — Light
- -able —
- Radabhlhille / ɹadavjɪlle / —
- -ability —
- Radabhlhilli / ɹadavjɪlli / —
- -aria, -ary —
- Radarilli / ɹadarɪlli / —
- -er, -or —
- Raderellu / ɹadɛrɛllu / —
- -ress, -rix —
- Raderella / ɹadɛrɛlla / —
- -ria, ry, eria, ery —
- Raderilli / ɹadɛrɪlli / —
- -iance —
- Radialli / ɹadɪalli / — Radiance —
- -ient —
- Radiilli / ɹadilli / —
- -ible —
- Radibhlhille / ɹadɪvjɪlle / —
- -ibility —
- Radibhlhilli / ɹadɪvjɪlli / —
- -ical —
- Radic[c]alle / ɹadɪkalle / —
- -ican —
- Radic[c]alle / ɹadɪkalle / —
- -icality —
- Radic[c]alli / ɹadɪkalli / —
- -ic —
- Radic[c]ille / ɹadɪkɪlle / —
- -icity —
- Radic[c]illi / ɹadɪkɪlli / —
- -icator —
- Radic[c]urollu / ɹadɪkʊrɔllu / —
- -acatrix —
- Radic[c]urolla / ɹadɪkʊrɔlla / —
- -icon —
- Radic[c]olle / ɹadɪikɔlle / —
- -ator —
- Radurollu / ɹadʊrɔllu / —
- -atrix —
- Radurolla / ɹadʊrɔlla / —
- -atoria, atory —
- Radurolli / ɹadʊrɔlli / —
- -ocution —
- Radoclhulli / ɹadɔkjʊlli / —
- -er, -or —
- Radullu / ɹadʊllu / —
- -ress, -rix —
- Radulla / ɹadʊlla / —
III.b-6.) Nominal Derivational Vocality
- Abilitative —
- Radibhlhalle — That which is enabled to be light
- —
- Radibhlhelle — That which enables itself to be light
- —
- Radibhlhille — That which is able to be light; lightable
- —
- Radibhlhulle — That which enables something[s] to be light
- — Radibhlholle — That which causes [something[s]] to be light-able
- Abilitative —
- Radic[c]alle —
- —
- Radic[c]elle —
- —
- Radic[c]ille — Light-like (that which is light-like)
- —
- Radic[c]ulle — That which concerns light or radiance;
- —
- Radic[c]olle — That which relates [something[s]] to light; that which refers to light
- (Describe also in verbs in section immediately following verbal vocality / adjectives and adverbs following attributive modality)
III.b-7.) Nominal Derivations & Dual Numerality
- Monosingular —
- Radimbille — One of a great light
- Bisingular —
- Radimbialle — Two of a great light
- Trisingular —
- Radimbielle Three of a great light
- Multisingular —
- Radimbiille — A few of a great light
- Polysingular —
- Radimbiulle — Many of a great light
- Omnisingular —
- Radimbiolle — All of a great light
- Monodual —
- Radiambille — One of two great lights
- Bidual —
- Radiambialle — Two of two great lights
- Tridual —
- Radiambielle — Three of two great lights
- Multidual —
- Radiambiille — A few of two great lights
- Polydual —
- Radiambiulle — Many of two great lights
- Omnidual —
- Radiambiolle — All of two great lights
- Monotrial —
- Radiembille — One of three great lights
- Bitrial —
- Radiembialle — Two of three great lights
- Tritrial —
- Radiembielle — Three of three great lights
- Multitrial —
- Radiembiille — A few of three great lights
- Polytrial —
- Radiembiulle — Many of three great lights
- Omnitrial —
- Radiembiolle — All of three great lights
- Monopaucal —
- Radiimbille — One of a few great lights
- Bipaucal —
- Radiimbialle — Two of a few great lights
- Tripaucal —
- Radiimbielle — Three of a few great lights
- Multipaucal —
- Radiimbiille — A few of a few great lights
- Polypaucal —
- Radiimbiulle — Many of a few great lights
- Omnipaucal —
- Radiimbiolle — All of a few great lights
- Monoplural —
- Radiumbille — One of many great lights
- Biplural —
- Radiumbialle — Two of many great lights
- Triplural —
- Radiumbielle — Three of many great lights
- Multiplural —
- Radiumbiille — A few of many great lights
- Polyplural —
- Radiumbiulle — Many of many great lights
- Omniplural —
- Radiumbiolle — All of many great lights
- Monomass —
- Radiombille — A bit of the great light
- Bimass —
- Radiombialle — A fraction of the great light
- Trimass —
- Radiombielle — Some of the great light
- Multimass —
- Radiombiille — Much of the great light
- Polymass —
- Radiombiulle — Most of the great light
- Omnimass —
- Radiombiolle — All of the great light
III.b-8.) Case
The declination paradigm making up the case system of the Old Borean language is multi-tiered and complex. The language’s grammar divides them into two main categories: central declensions and peripheral declensions. These are further divided into seven distinct groups: primary central declensions, secondary central declensions, tertiary central declensions, quaternary central declensions, primary peripheral declensions, secondary peripheral declensions, and tertiary peripheral declensions.
III.b-8A.) Central Declensions
S.
III.b-8Aα.) Primary Central Declensions
- Vocative —
- Radilhe — Marks the addressee of a statement
- Nominative —
- Radille — Marks the subject of a verb
- Objective —
- Radinne — Marks the object of a verb
- Subjunctive —
- Radithe — Marks both the object of one clause and the subject of the next
III.b-8Aβ.) Secondary Central Declensions
- Relative —
- Radilmhe — What/which light
- Interrogative —
- Radilcmhe — What/which light [?]
- Demonstrative —
- Generic —
- Radillhe — The light
- Proximal —
- Radillhea — This light
- Medial —
- Radillheu — That light
- Distal —
- Radillheo — Yon light
- Quantifying —
- Exclusive
- Radilclhe Some light
- Inclusive —
- Radilplhe — Any light
- Universal —
- Radilpghe — Every light
- Negative —
- Radilnhe — No light
III.b-8Aγ.) Tertiary Central Declensions
- Articulate —
- Proprietary —
- Radille — Light (represented by the so-called “zero article”)
- Indefinite —
- Radille — A light (used for any grammatical number; marked by “zero article”)
- Definite —
- Radillhe — The light
- Partitive —
- Radiollei — Some/any light
- —
- Radiolleii — Some light / a bit of light
- —
- Radiolleiu — Much light / a lot of light
- Hypothetical
- Generic —
- Radillee — The light / a light / some/any light
- Proximal —
- Radillea — This light
- Medial —
- Radilleu — That light
- Distal —
- Radilleo — Yon light
III.b-8Aδ.) Quaternary Central Declensions
- Ergative —
- Radilles[si] — Marks the agent of a transitive, passive, or causative verb
- Absolutive —
- Radille — Marks the experiencer of an intransitive verb (by being left unmarked)
- —
- Radillet[ti] — Marks the patient of a passive verb
- Indirective —
- Radinnet[ti] — Marks the indirect object of a ditransitive verb
- Reciprocative —
- Radillest[i] — Marks the experiencer or patient if it is also the agent
III.b-8B.) Peripheral Declensions
S.
III.b-8Bα.) Primary Peripheral Declensions: Postpositional Case
- Ubiquitous —
- Radinlhepao — All around the light
- —?
- Radinlhepei — At / in the direction of the light
- Proximal —
- Radinlhepi — At/near the light
- Persuant —
- Radinlhepu — Upon/near the light
- Distributive —
- Radinlhepmhei — Per / for each of the light
- Sublative —
- Radinlheptua — To [the destination of] the light
- Terminal —
- Radinlheptue — Unto [the location of] the light
- Posterior —
- Radinlhepsa — Behind/after the light
- Anterior —
- Radinlheprai — In front of / before the light
- Desiderative —
- Radinlhepro — For the light
- Causal —
- Radinlhebaa — Because of the light
- Purposive —
- Radinlhebao — For reason of the light
- Benefactive —
- Radinlhebu — For the light
- Prosecutive —
- Radinlhembheu — Through way of the light
- Illative —
- Radinlhemtu — Into the light
- Inessive —
- Radinlhemni — In / inside the light
- Diapedetive —
- Radinlhemzu — Through the light
- Aversive —
- Radinlhephobaa — For fear of the light
- —
- Radinlhephlha —
- Invocative —
- Radinlhebhai — In the name of the light
- Surpassive —
- Radinlhebhei — [Going] by the light
- Prolative —
- Radinlhebhia — By way of the light
- Instructive —
- Radinlhebhie By means of the light
- Instrumental —
- Radinlhebhuu — Using the light
- Causal-final —
- Radinlhebhobaa For want of the light
- Associative —
- Radinlhemhai — With the light
- Comitative —
- Radinlhemhei — Together/in company with the light
- Dative —
- Radinlhettu — To the light
- Lative —
- Radinlhetto — To/into the light
- Equative —
- Radinlhetsa — As the light
- Co-temporal —
- Radinlhetsi — At the time of the light; as [of] the light
- Essive —
- Radinlhetsu — As long as the light; to the point that the light ends
- Genitive —
- Radinlhedda — Of/from the light
- Delative —
- Radinlhedsai — Off of the light
- Sociative —
- Radinlhenmhai — Together/companioned with the light
- Translative —
- Radinlhethu — To/into [being] the light
- —?
- Radinlhedha — From [being] the light
- Abessive —
- Radinlhenhai — Lacking the light
- Elative —
- Radinlhesaa — Out of the light
- Delative —
- Radinlhesdaa — Issued from the light
- Ablative —
- Radinlhesha — Off of the light
- Possessive —
- Radinlheca — Of the light
- Dedative —
- Radinlhecai — Relating to the light
- Topical —
- Radinlhecao — In the matter of the light
- Respective —
- Radinlhecei — Regarding the light
- Affective —
- Radinlhecu — To [or from the perspective of] the light
- —?
- Radinlhecta — From the outside of the light
- Exterior —
- Radinlhecti — Without / outside of the light
- Excessive —
- Radinlhectu — To the outside of the light
- Post-temporal —
- Radinlhecraa — After/eft the light
- Temporal —
- Radinlhecrai — At the time of the light
- Pro-temporal
- Radinlhecrau — Before/ere the light
- Initiative —
- Radinlhecrao — At the beginning of, and causal to, the light
- Terminative —
- Radinlhertu — Until the light
- Superessive —
- Radinlhehai — On/upon the light
- —
- Radinlhehei — Over the light
- Adessive —
- Radinlhehii — Atop/on top of the light
- Allative —
- Radinlhehui — Onto the light
III.b-8Bβ.) Secondary Peripheral Declensions
These declensions are applied either to the noun or the pronominal suffix of the verb, depending on whether the conjunction applies to the individual[s], or whether the conjunction applies to the action[s]. There is no conjunctive agreement between the agent of a verb and the verb’s pronominal suffix. If a pronoun is used to refer to a verb’s agent, and a conjunction is needed, the pronoun cannot simply be dropped, as it would be in most other cases, as inflecting the verb’s pronominal suffix with a conjunctive suffix would indicate that the conjunction applied to the verb rather than the pronoun.
Conjunctive suffixes should only be used when conjoining two nouns having the same relationship to a verb (“Jack and Jill went up the hill...”), two verbs having the same relationship to a noun (“Jack went up the hill and fetched a pail of water”), or both (“Jack and Jill went up the hill and fetched a pail of water”). Conventions for conjoining what might otherwise be separate sentences (“Jack went up the hill, and Jill fetched a pail of water”) are similar to the conventions used in English and most other languages. More specifically, the conjunctions used for this purpose are not conjunctive inflections, or any kind of inflection at all, but independent words — just as they are in English. These non-inflective conjunctions are not discussed in this section in any depth, but see particular conjunctions for more details.
Correlating conjunctive suffixes
- — Radillhendmhei — Both the light [and...]
- — Radillheldlhei — Either the light [or...]
- — Radillhelnhei — Neither the light [nor...]
- — Radillhelcmhei — Whether the light [or...]
- — Radillhelnhi — Not the light [but...]
Coordinating conjunctive suffixes
- — Radillhentmhai — And the light
- — Radillheltlhai — Or the light
- — Radillhelnhai — Nor the light
- — Radillhentlhai — But the light
A correlating conjunctive suffix must always be placed on a word preceding a word inflected with a coordinating conjunctive suffix. For example, the form Dzaecillu Dzilillantmhai, literally, “Jack and Jill”, is completely unacceptable, while the form Dzaecillundmhei Dzilillantmhai, literally, “both Jack and Jill”, is the proper construction. Whenever two words are conjoined, each word must be inflected with a conjunctive suffix. It is important to stress that this applies only to correlating conjunctive suffixes and coordinating conjunctive suffixes, and not to subordinating conjunctive suffixes or particular conjunctions.
The same rules that apply to correlating conjunctive suffixes and coordinating conjunctive suffixes also apply to subordinating conjunctive suffixes, except that [1] subordinating conjunctive suffixes can only be applied to the pronominal suffixes of verbs, and [2] subordinating conjunctive suffixes are only applied to a single word.
Subordinating conjunctive suffixes
? Temporal subordinating conjunctive suffixes
- — Radelaanenilletsai — Eft it shone; after it shone
- — Radelaanenilletsui — Ere it shone; before it shone
- — Radelaanenilletsei — Whilst it shone; whenas it shone
- — Radelaanenilletsii — As it shone; while it shone
- — Radelaanenilletsaa — Sith it shone; since it shone
- — Radelaanenilletsuu — Till it shone; until it shone
? Causal subordinating conjunctive suffixes
- — Radelaanenilledlhia — Because it shone
- — Radelaanenilledlhaa — Sithence it shone
- — Radelaanenilletsmhaa — Now that it shone
- — Radelaanenilletslhaa — As/because it shone
- — Radelaanenillebhlhoa — In order that it shone
- — Radelaanenillebhlhoi — So [that] it shone
? Oppositional subordinating conjunctive suffixes
- — Radelaanenillenlha — Although it shone
- — Radelaanenillenlhai — Though it shone
- — Radelaanenillenlhae — Even though it shone
- — Radelaanenillentlhai — Whereas it shone
- — Radelaanenilletslhai — While it shone
? Conditional subordinating conjunctive suffixes
- — Radelaanenillephai — An it shone / if it shone
- — Radelaanenillenhphai — Unless it shone
- — Radelaanenillectmhai — Whether or not it shone
- — Radelaanenillephlhai — Even if it shone
- — Radelaanenillencmhai — In case it shone
- — Radelaanenillephobaa — Lest it shone; for fear that it shone
III.b-8Bγ.) Tertiary Peripheral Declensions
- Aversive — Radinnephobaa — For fear of the light
- Causal — Radinnebaa — Because of the light
- Purposive — Radinnebao — For reason of the light
- Benefactive — Radinnebu — For the light