Primary Root Derivation

III.b-1C.) Primary Root Derivation: Class

The verb class system of the Proto-Borean language is a system of derivation by which the root’s nucleus is altered to create a new word. This system itself derived from a form of voice inflection present in earlier forms of the language.

When used in the form of a verb, these forms take on the following meanings:

Originally spoken by Dwarves and hillfolk in the area south of the Alps and north of the Hesperian penninsula in what is now the western Po Valley. Later became the basis for "Proto-Dwarfish" and came to be adopted by Dwarves and Gnomes all over southern Borea.

The morpheme order present in Terran verb-lexiphrases tends to be [voice]+[root]+[mood].

Originally spoken by the Swartelves in what is now the western Po Valley, south of the Alps but north of the Hesperian penninsula.

The morpheme order present in Terran verb-lexiphrases tends to be [voice]+[root]+[mood].

Originally spoken by the Swartelves, Dwarves, and hillfolk in the ancient Dinarides east of the Adriatic steppes.

The morpheme order present in East Terran verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood].

The morpheme order present in East Boreanic Mesolect verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]. There may be a separate particle denoting tense and aspect appearing between the subject and the verb.

This dialect seems closely related to East Boreanic Mesolect, and it is possible that East Boreanic Mesolect evolved directly from a version of West Boreanic Urban Mesolect that overwhelmingly preferred OVS word order, which is what led to the tense & aspect particle being permanently affixed to the East Boreanic Mesolect verb lexiphrase.

The morpheme order present in Northern Boreanic Basilect verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]. There may be a separate particle denoting tense and aspect appearing between the subject and the verb.

This dialect seems closely related to East Boreanic Mesolect, and it is possible that East Boreanic Mesolect evolved directly from a version of West Boreanic Urban Mesolect that overwhelmingly preferred OVS word order, which is what led to the tense & aspect particle being permanently affixed to the East Boreanic Mesolect verb lexiphrase.

The morpheme order present in Northern Boreanic Basilect verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]. There may be a separate particle denoting tense and aspect appearing between the subject and the verb.

This dialect seems closely related to East Boreanic Mesolect, and it is possible that East Boreanic Mesolect evolved directly from a version of West Boreanic Urban Mesolect that overwhelmingly preferred OVS word order, which is what led to the tense & aspect particle being permanently affixed to the East Boreanic Mesolect verb lexiphrase.

The morpheme order present in Northern Boreanic Basilect verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]. There may be a separate particle denoting tense and aspect appearing between the subject and the verb.

This dialect seems closely related to East Boreanic Mesolect, and it is possible that East Boreanic Mesolect evolved directly from a version of West Boreanic Urban Mesolect that overwhelmingly preferred OVS word order, which is what led to the tense & aspect particle being permanently affixed to the East Boreanic Mesolect verb lexiphrase.

A regiolect spoken in urban centers and limitedly along trade routes from the northeastern territories, where it overlapped with the Northeast Sylvan dialects, down through the Illyrian region, where it was the "standard" form of the Proto-Borean language spoken alongside the Eastern Ceremonial Acrolect, down to the Morean penninsula. This was the "General American" of the eastern dialects of the Proto-Boreanic language.

The morpheme order present in East Boreanic Mesolect verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]+[aspect]. Nouns cannot be appended to verbs as in the Sylvan Dialect or Ceremonial Acrolect, so instead, verbal lexiphrases are used in combination with nouns inflected for case. The default word order for this dialect is either SVO or OVS; either is acceptable so long as the verb is between the subject and object.

This dialect seems closely related to the Sylvan dialect, and it is indeed considered likely that Sylvan emerged from, or was at least heavily influenced by, a version of this dialect which overwhelmingly preferred an OVS word order, for an OVS verb-subject pair in East Boreanic Mesolect is virtually indistinguishable from a lexiphrase in the Sylvan dialect.

The morpheme order present in Northeast Woodland verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]+[aspect]. The default word order for this dialect is OVS; however either OVS or SVO is acceptable so long as the verb is between the subject and object.

An ethnolect spoken by common fair-folk of the northeastern territories, east of the Adriatic steppes.

The morpheme order present in Sylvan verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]+[aspect]+[noun].

Originally spoken by the erudite fair-folk in the northeastern territories, east of the Adriatic steppes, and by the newly-developing intellectual classes of artists, proto-scientists, and clergy among early Borean settlers along the Illyrian coast of the Adriatic sea, and quickly spread to the area that is now western Greece, and the Greek Peloponnese penninsula. Later became the basis for the Witches’ Tongue.

The morpheme order present in Sylvan verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]+[aspect]+[pronoun]. Whole nouns cannot be appended to verbs as in the Sylvan dialect, so instead, verbal lexiphrases are preceded by a topical noun.

This dialect may have developed more-or-less directly out of the Sylvan dialect.

In the example below, the consonantal root *r-d- has the morphonetic meaning of r, “to come into”, “to become”, or “to move toward” in relationship to the following morphoneme, d, which signifies the primordial abyss of infinite wisdom that was believed to be the initial source of all existence and potentiality [and was therefore the container of all knowledge, whether actual, theoretical, or hypothetical] (cf. the “abyss” of occult philosophy; the Akasha of Eastern mysticism), and takes on various derivative, related meanings, such as “a beginning or primordial state”, “a wild, feral, untamed, chaotic, or natural state”, “a state of pre-formation”, “a state of increased wisdom and understanding”, or, simply, “darkness” or “abyss”. The intransitive basal form, *red-, via semantic shift, developed the meaning of “to return to the source or initial state; to tap into the primordial abyss of infinite knowledge”, hence, “to become feral or wild; to be wild, deviant, or radical; to egregate” and “to learn; to gain wisdom and understanding; to evolve”. The descriptive form, *rid-, took the meaning of “to be going toward the darkness or initial, wild, or feral state; to be going toward the spiritual source”; hence, “to travel through the wild; to seek wisdom or enlightenment; to wander, travel, or pilgrim; to be away from society”. The transitive form, *rud-, gained the meaning of “to put out toward the darkness; to cause to go outward into the [surrounding] dark and/or cold; to return to an initial state of unbeing”, hence, “to make pervade the darkness or cold; to return to ashes”, and therefore, “to set aflame or alight; to fire or burn; to heat or cook; to redden [or ‘to blacken [with heat or flame]’, which brings us back to the concept of returning to darkness]”. The passive form, *rad-, acquired the meaning of “to be put out toward or into the primordial darkness, cold, or chaos; to have tapped into the abyss of infinite knowledge”; variously interpreted as, “to be caused to pervade the [surrounding] darkness”, “to have been placed away in the wild; apart from the group or society”, or “to have found [possibly innate] knowledge”; hence, “to shine; to be bright [with the metaphorical meaning, ‘to be intelligent’] or radiating [with the metaphorical meaning, ‘to be splendorous or beautiful’]; to stand out or apart [also with the metaphorical meaning of being unusually intelligent and/or beautiful]; to be radical [with connotations of both radical intellect or cunning and radical beauty]; to be radiant, splendorous, or beautiful; to be radically clever or knowledgeable; to be wild, or to be wildly brilliant or radiant [whether referring to intelligence, literal ‘brightness’, or beauty]; et cetera”. Finally, the causative form, *rod-, developed the meaning of “to cause to become unformed”, hence, “to erode away or gnaw at; to fight; to assay to disperse”.

When used in the form of a verb, these forms take on the following meanings:

Originally spoken by Dwarves and hillfolk in the area south of the Alps and north of the Hesperian penninsula in what is now the western Po Valley. Later became the basis for "Proto-Dwarfish" and came to be adopted by Dwarves and Gnomes all over southern Borea.

The morpheme order present in Terran verb-lexiphrases tends to be [voice]+[root]+[mood].

Originally spoken by the Swartelves in what is now the western Po Valley, south of the Alps but north of the Hesperian penninsula.

The morpheme order present in Terran verb-lexiphrases tends to be [voice]+[root]+[mood].

Originally spoken by the Swartelves, Dwarves, and hillfolk in the ancient Dinarides east of the Adriatic steppes.

The morpheme order present in East Terran verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood].

The morpheme order present in East Boreanic Mesolect verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]. There may be a separate particle denoting tense and aspect appearing between the subject and the verb.

This dialect seems closely related to East Boreanic Mesolect, and it is possible that East Boreanic Mesolect evolved directly from a version of West Boreanic Urban Mesolect that overwhelmingly preferred OVS word order, which is what led to the tense & aspect particle being permanently affixed to the East Boreanic Mesolect verb lexiphrase.

The morpheme order present in Northern Boreanic Basilect verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]. There may be a separate particle denoting tense and aspect appearing between the subject and the verb.

This dialect seems closely related to East Boreanic Mesolect, and it is possible that East Boreanic Mesolect evolved directly from a version of West Boreanic Urban Mesolect that overwhelmingly preferred OVS word order, which is what led to the tense & aspect particle being permanently affixed to the East Boreanic Mesolect verb lexiphrase.

The morpheme order present in Northern Boreanic Basilect verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]. There may be a separate particle denoting tense and aspect appearing between the subject and the verb.

This dialect seems closely related to East Boreanic Mesolect, and it is possible that East Boreanic Mesolect evolved directly from a version of West Boreanic Urban Mesolect that overwhelmingly preferred OVS word order, which is what led to the tense & aspect particle being permanently affixed to the East Boreanic Mesolect verb lexiphrase.

The morpheme order present in Northern Boreanic Basilect verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]. There may be a separate particle denoting tense and aspect appearing between the subject and the verb.

This dialect seems closely related to East Boreanic Mesolect, and it is possible that East Boreanic Mesolect evolved directly from a version of West Boreanic Urban Mesolect that overwhelmingly preferred OVS word order, which is what led to the tense & aspect particle being permanently affixed to the East Boreanic Mesolect verb lexiphrase.

A regiolect spoken in urban centers and limitedly along trade routes from the northeastern territories, where it overlapped with the Northeast Sylvan dialects, down through the Illyrian region, where it was the "standard" form of the Proto-Borean language spoken alongside the Eastern Ceremonial Acrolect, down to the Morean penninsula. This was the "General American" of the eastern dialects of the Proto-Boreanic language.

The morpheme order present in East Boreanic Mesolect verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]+[aspect]. Nouns cannot be appended to verbs as in the Sylvan Dialect or Ceremonial Acrolect, so instead, verbal lexiphrases are used in combination with nouns inflected for case. The default word order for this dialect is either SVO or OVS; either is acceptable so long as the verb is between the subject and object.

This dialect seems closely related to the Sylvan dialect, and it is indeed considered likely that Sylvan emerged from, or was at least heavily influenced by, a version of this dialect which overwhelmingly preferred an OVS word order, for an OVS verb-subject pair in East Boreanic Mesolect is virtually indistinguishable from a lexiphrase in the Sylvan dialect.

The morpheme order present in Northeast Woodland verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]+[aspect]. The default word order for this dialect is OVS; however either OVS or SVO is acceptable so long as the verb is between the subject and object.

An ethnolect spoken by common fair-folk of the northeastern territories, east of the Adriatic steppes.

The morpheme order present in Sylvan verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]+[aspect]+[noun].

Originally spoken by the erudite fair-folk in the northeastern territories, east of the Adriatic steppes, and by the newly-developing intellectual classes of artists, proto-scientists, and clergy among early Borean settlers along the Illyrian coast of the Adriatic sea, and quickly spread to the area that is now western Greece, and the Greek Peloponnese penninsula. Later became the basis for the Witches’ Tongue.

The morpheme order present in Sylvan verb-lexiphrases tends to be [root]+[voice]+[mood]+[aspect]+[pronoun]. Whole nouns cannot be appended to verbs as in the Sylvan dialect, so instead, verbal lexiphrases are preceded by a topical noun.

This dialect may have developed more-or-less directly out of the Sylvan dialect.