The Palæoboreanica

Introduction

III.b-9.) Verbal Vocality

Passive class —

True passive — Radarenemillet — I am enshone/brightened [by something]

Reciprocal — Radaarenemhiallest — We are enshone/brightened by one another

Middle — Radaerenemillet —

Mediopassive — Radairenemillet —

— Radaurenemillet —

Instrumental — Radaorenemillet —

Intransitive class

True intransitive — Raderenemille — I shine/radiate

Comitative — Radearenemille —

— Radeerenemille —

— Radeirenemille —

Locative — Radeurenemille — I shine [on/onto/upon/at/&c] [something]

Benefactive — Radeorenemille — I shine [for something]

Stative class

True stative — Radirenemille — I am bright/radical/radiating/splendorous

— Radiarenemille —

— Radierenemille —

— Radiirenemille —

— Radiurenemille —

— Radiorenemille —

Transitive class

Monotransitive — Radurenemilles — I enshine/bright [something]

Reflexive — Raduarenemilles — I enshine/bright myself

Trans-Reciprocal — Raduerenemhiallest — We both enshine/bright [one another]

— Raduirenemilles —

Ditransitive — Raduurenemilles — I enshine/bright [something] [to] [something]

Dibenefactive — Raduorenemilles — I enshine/brighten [something] [for] [something]

Causative class

True causative — Radorenemilles — I cause [something] to shine/radiate; I brighten or enlighten [something]

Respective — Radoarenemilles — I shine/radiate [about] [something]

Causal-Reciprocal — Radœrenemhiallest — We both enshine/brighten [one another]

Causal — Radoirenemilles — I cause [something] to be bright/radical/radiating/splendorous

Dicausative — Radourenemilles — I light [something] [to] [something]

— Radoorenemilles —

Note that verbs rendered in voices belonging to the stative class — called stative verbs — indicate predicative adjectives by default. Attributive adjectives are indicated only by specific morphological alteration. For more information, see the section on attributive modality.

III.b-10.) Tense

Just as the concept of “tenses” the English language conflates time with aspect, tense in the Proto-Borean language represents a complex interaction between tensile aspect, modality, time, BLANK aspect, telicity, and predicative aspect.

III.b-10A.) Tensile Aspect

Simple — Raderenemille — I learn/evolve

Emphatic — Reneraderenemille — I do learn/evolve

Perfect — Reneraderanemille — I have learnt/evolved

III.b-10B.) Modality

Modality in the Proto-Faerish language.

III.b-10Bα.) Narrative Modality

Indicative — Radelenetille — Thou shinest

Energetic — Radelehetille — Thou dost shine; thou certainly shinest

Declarative — Radelebhetille — Thou shinest!

Capacitative — Radelechetille — Thou canst shine

— Radeledretille — Thou darest shine

Requisitive — Radeleldetille — Thou needest shine

Negative — Radelenhetille — Thou shinest not

Oppositional — Radeledetille — Thou de-shinest; thou darkenest

Subjunctive Radelmhenetithe That thou [wouldst/shouldst/might] shine

Remotive Subjunctive — Radelmheunetille[phai] — [If] thou shone

III.b-10Bβ.) Alethic & Non-alethic Modality

Alethic Narrative — Radelenetille — Thou shinest

Non-Alethic Narrative — Radelenlhetille — Thou shinest [because I refuse to believe otherwise]

III.b-10Bγ.) Speculative Modality

Hypothetical — Radelemlhetille — Thou might/may be shining

Presumptive — Radelemmhetille — Thou might shine

Tentative — Radelemhetille — Thou wouldst shine

Tentative Eventive — Lecgheradelemhetille — Thou wouldst likely/probably shine

Potential — Radelechmhetille — Thou couldst shine

Potential Eventive — Lecgheradelechmhetille — Thou couldst probably/likely shine

Conditional — Radeleshmhetille — Thou shouldst [in that case] shine

III.b-10Bδ.) Epistemic Modality

S.

III.b-10Bδ-α.) Summative Epistemic Modality

Dubitative — Radelegnhetille — It is doubtful / not confirmed/proven that thou shinest

Probabilitative — Radelecchetille — Thou dost possibly shine

Superprobabilitative — Radelecghetille — Thou probably dost shine

Hyperprobabilitative — Radelegghetille — Thou must shine (likelihood)

Obligative — Radeleshlhetille — Thou shouldst/ought to shine (expectation)

Reputative — Radeleldlhetille — Thou art supposed to shine; thou shinest [by reputation]

Approximative — Radelenlhetille — Thou seemest to shine

Deductive — Radelelclhetille — Thou must [therefore] shine (not a directive)

III.b-10Bδ-β.) Relative Epistemic Modality

Sarcastic — Radeleghetille — Thou shinest [not] (spoken sardonically)

Facetious — Radelemlhetille — Thou might shine (spoken playfully/teasingly)

Infelicitous — Radelemdlhetille — I hear that thou shinest [and would like to know if this is true]

Felicitous — Radelendlhetille — It is said [by a reputable source] that thou shinest

Inferential — Radelendhlhetille — It is inferred [by some/someone] that thou shinest

Admirative — Radelemghetille — Surprisingly [or to my surprise], thou shinest

Confirmative — Radelegnetille — It is confirmed/proven that thou dost definitely shine

III.b-10Bε.) Sensory-Evidental Modality

Aural Sensory — Radeledlhetille — I hear that thou shinest

Cognitive Sensory — Radelegnlhetille — I figure that thou shinest

Extrasensory — Radelepslhetille — I divine that thou shinest

Generic Sensory — Radelemtlhetille — I sense that thou shinest

Gnostic Sensory — Radelegnlhetille — I know that thou shinest

Instinctive Sensory — Radelemnlhetille — I feel in my gut that thou shinest

Olfactory Sensory — Radelestlhetille — I smell that thou shinest

Savory Sensory — Radelesplhetille — I taste that thou shinest

Tactile Sensory — Radelemplhetille — I feel that thou shinest

Visual Sensory — Radelebhslhetille — I see that thou shinest

III.b-10Bζ.) Deontic Modality

S.

III.b-10Bζ-α.) Volitive Deontic Modality

Desiderative — Radelembmhetille — Thou might shine (a hope or wish)

Desiderative subj. — Radelmhembmhetille — Thou wouldst shine (a hope or wish)

Imprecative — Radelembmhetille — Thou might shine (a curse or hex)

Imprecative subj. — Radelmhembmhetille — Thou wouldst shine (a curse or hex)

Commissive — Radeleshetille — Thou shalt shine (declaration; promise; guarantee)

Hortative — Radeletslhemille — Let me shine

Cohortative — Radeletslhemhialle — Let’s/let us shine

Jussive — Radeletslhetille — Let thyself shine

Optative — Radeletslhenille — Let it shine

III.b-10Bζ-β.) Directive Deontic Modality

Permissive — Radelumblhetille — Thou mayest shine

Prohibitive — Lenheradelumblhetille — Thou mayest not shine

Suggestive — Radelmhunmhetille — Thou ought to shine

Injunctive — Radelunshetille —

Necessitative — Radelunshetille — Thou shalt shine (demand)

Imperative — Radelulhetilhe — Shine, thou

III.b-10Bη.) Interrogative Modality

Informal inquisitive — Radelecmhetille? — Thou shinest?

Formal inquisitive — Lecmheradelenetille? — Dost thou shine?

Precative — Lecmheradelemhetille? — Wouldst thou shine?

Deliberative — Lecmheradelenmhetille? — Ought thou shine?

Ejaculative — Lecmheradeleshmhemhialle? — Shall we shine?

Conjunctive — Radelumhetille — Thou shalt shine (request)

III.b-10Bθ.) Attributive Modality

Adjectival — Radiliniradille — Bright light

Adverbial — Radiliniradelenetille — Thou shinest brightly

III.b-10C.) Time

The Proto-Boreans had a similar conception of time to that of the Aymara: they conceived of the past as being before them and the future as being behind them. Speakers of the Aymara language will even gesture in front of them to indicate the past (pacha nayra) and gesture behind them to indicate the future (pacha qhipa). This is sensible considering we can see the past but not the future. Additionally, the past seems to grow larger as we move through time, as though we were moving toward a destination the past. In order for the Standard European conception of time to work, with humans constantly moving toward the future, we would essentially have to be walking backward through time, with our backs to the future and our eyes to the past, allowing us to see more of the past as we move away from it. Either way, the European view of the past being somehow "behind" us and the future lying "before" us is exceedingly difficult to rationalize compared to the much more logical Proto-Borean and Aymara concepts of time.

Immediate Past — Radelanenille — Just now it shone/radiated

Hodiernal Past — Radelaanenille — Earlier it shone/radiated

Recent Past — Radelaenenille — Recently it shone/radiated

Pre-hodiernal — Radelainenille — Before today it shone/radiated

Remote Past — Radelaunenille — A while ago it shone/radiated

Distant Past — Radelaonenille — Back in the day, it shone/radiated

Non-future — Radelinenille — It hither (until now) shone/radiated

Remissive — Radelianenille — Since then [has] it shone/radiated

— Radelienenille —

— Radeliinenille —

Residual — Radeliunenille — It still shines/radiates

— Radelionemille —

Present — Radelenenille — It shines/radiates

— Radeleanenille —

— Radeleenenille —

— Radeleinenille —

Remotive — Radeleunenille — [If; had; et cetera] it shone/radiated

Immediate Future — Radeleonenille —

Non-past — Radelunenille — It shines/radiates [as of this moment]

Projective — Radeluanenille — Until then it will shine/radiate

— Radeluenenille —

— Radeluinenille —

— Radeluunenille —

— Radeluonenille —

Immediate Future — Radelonenille — Now it will shine/radiate

Hodiernal Future — Radeloanenille — Later it will shine/radiate

Near Future — Radelœnemille — Soon/shortly it will shine/radiate

Post-hodiernal — Radeloinenille — After today it will shine/radiate

Remote Future — Radelounenille — One of these days it will shine/radiate

Distant Future — Radeloonenille — Someday it will shine/radiate

III.b-10D.) Perfectivity

Perfective — Radelenemille —

Imperfective — Radessenemille —

Positive — Radelenemille —

III.b-10E.) Telicity

Atelic — Radelenenille — It shines/radiates

Progressive — Radelrhenenille — It is shining/radiating

Telic — Radelhhenenille — It shines brightly

III.b-10F.) Predicative Aspect

Momentane — Radelenamille — I flash (sometimes known as the punctual predicative aspect)

Semelfactive — Radelenaamille — I flash many times all at once; I flash many times “all in one swoop”

Simulfactive — Radelenaamhiallea — We both flash at once; we both flash simultaneously

Iterative — Radelenaemille — I shine/radiate/flash over and over again

Repetitive — Radelenaimille — I repeatedly shine/radiate/flash; I strobe

Experiential — Leneradelaunau- — [I] have shone/radiated before (dœs not work well in simple present)

Habitual — Radelenaomille — I often shine/radiate; I am used to shining/radiating

Usitative — Radelanaomille — I used to shine/radiate (past tense of the habitual predicative aspect)

Indicative — Radelenemille — I shine/radiate [currently; at this general point in time]

Conative — Radeleneamille — I try/attempt to shine/radiate

Contrastive — Radeleneemille — I shine/radiate more brightly

Alternative [1] — Radeleneimhialle — We shine one after another

Alternative [2] — Radeleneimille — I shine/radiate [and [another verb]] in succession

Distributive — Raduleneimille — I shine upon/lighten [some things] one by one (affects the plural noun)

Perdurative — Radeleneumille — I shine/radiate for an unusually long duration

Terminative — Radeleneomille — I finish shining/radiating; I completely and wholly/totally radiate/shine

Incompletive — Lenheradeleneo- — [I] partially / incompletely radiate/shine; I do not finish shining/radiating

Adjective — Radelenimille — I am shining/radiating (does not imply progressive tensile aspect)

Apparentive — Radeleniamille — I appear to shine; I look shiny

Comparative — Radeleniemille — I am shinier/more radiant

Generic — Radeleniimille — I shine/radiate/standout; I am radiant/radical/tenacious/brilliant/bright

Superlative — Radeleniumille — I am shiniest/brightest/most radiant

Inchoative — Radeleniomille — I become shiny/radiant/radical/brilliant/bright

Durative — Radelenumille — I shine/radiate for a time; I shine/radiate for [some span of time]

Delimitative — Radelenuamille — I shine/radiate for a bit; I shine/radiate for a little while

Pausative — Lenuaradelenhe- — [I], for a little while, do not shine/radiate

Continuative — Radelenuemille — I keep shining/radiating; I continue to shine/radiate

Cessative — Lenheradelenue- — [I] do not keep shining/radiating; I cease shining/radiating

Perfective — Radelenuimille — I shine/radiate as/in synchronization with [event/occurrence + aspect]

Protractive — Radelenuumille — I shine/radiate for an indefinitely long duration, possibly forever

Superfective — Radelenuomille — I keep shining/radiating far after/further than the time/place to cease

Inceptive — Radelenomille — I begin/start to shine/radiate

Recessive — Lenoradelenhe- — [I] begin/start to not shine/radiate; I cease/stop shining/radiating

Prospective — Radelenoamille — I am fixin’ to shine/radiate; I am going to radiate/shine

Utilitative — Radelenœmille — I shine/radiate so there will be light for myself or others

Intentional — Radelenoimille — I intentionally shine/radiate; I shine/radiate for a reason

Accidental — Lenheradelenoi- — [I] accidentally shine/radiate [and call unwanted attention to myself?]

Resumptive — Radelenoumille — I resume shining/radiating; I keep shining/radiating

Excessive — Radelenoomille — I excessively shine/radiate; I shine/radiate too brightly